Table 1 The number of defects of each order in the regions shown in Fig. 3: 0th order VBk < 50 V, 1st order VBk 50–600 V, 2nd order VBk 600–1000 V, and good devices with only higher order defects (VBk ≥ 1000 V).

From: Detecting defects that reduce breakdown voltage using machine learning and optical profilometry

Defect order

Region 1

Region 2

Region 3

0th order

78

5.3%

239

20.5%

311

35.3%

1st order

71

4.8%

134

11.5%

117

13.3%

2nd order

592

40.3%

625

53.7%

364

41.4%

Good device

727

49.5%

166

14.3%

88

10.0%