Table 10 Percentage improvements in \({O}_{sh}\) and \({U}_{sh}\) for Case A.3.

From: Frequency regulation in a hybrid renewable power grid: an effective strategy utilizing load frequency control and redox flow batteries

Controller structures

\({\Delta {\text{f}}}_{{\text{a}}}\)

\({\Delta {\text{f}}}_{{\text{b}}}\)

\({\Delta {\text{P}}}_{{\text{tie}}}\)

\({U}_{sh}\)

\({O}_{sh}\)

\({U}_{sh}\)

\({O}_{sh}\)

\({U}_{sh}\)

\({O}_{sh}\)

FO-(PD-PI)-optimized via MRFO3

26.15

26.44

35.99

37.95

40.10

43.01

Fuzzy-PID + (T \({I}^{\lambda }{D}^{\mu }\))-optimized via COA

89.53

86.88

73.02

73.43

61.62

70.67

  1. Optimal percentage values are highlighted in bold format.