Table 4 Multivariate Tobit regression for identifying factors associated with activities and instrumental activities of daily living of participants.

Socio-economic

 Age (unit: year)

− 0.05**

− 0.09; − 0.00

0.92; 0.98

− 0.08***

− 0.12; − 0.04

 Gender (female vs male—ref)

2.69***

1.31; 4.08

1.69; 19.53

1.33**

0.02; 2.64

 Caregiver (yes vs no—Ref)

  Parents/spouse

3.83***

2.21; 5.46

1.74; 16.60

1.22*

− 0.06; 2.50

  Offsprings

1.45*

− 0.14; 3.03

 Current location (Rural vs urban areas -Ref)

0.95

− 0.49; 2.39

 Occupation (vs freelance worker—ref)

  White-collar workers

0.48

− 2.07; 3.03

  Blue-collar workers/farmers

0.60

− 0.63; 1.82

  Students/unemployment

− 1.96**

− 3.74; − 0.19

 Hazardous drinking (yes vs no—ref)

1.42*

− 0.26; 3.11

0.67; 7.91

 Current smoking (yes vs no—ref)

− 1.30

− 2.89; 0.29

Clinical characteristics

 First aid (yes vs no—ref)

0.88

− 0.24; 2.00

 Comorbidities (vs. None of the comorbidity—ref)

  1 comorbidity

− 1.10

− 2.46; 0.25

0.19; 1.84

  2 or more comorbidities

0.33

− 1.56; 2.22

0.73; 24.31

 Cause of TBI (vs Fall—Ref)

  Traffic accidents

− 0.33

− 1.73; 1.08

  Others

2.35*

− 0.17; 4.88

 TBI combined with other injuries (yes vs no ref)

1.75***

0.51; 2.99

 Severity of TBI (Mild TBI vs moderate/severe TBI—Ref)

1.22

− 1.19; 3.63

 ISS score (unit: score)

− 0.13***

− 0.22; − 0.04

0.80; 0.94

− 0.15***

− 0.23; − 0.07

 Depression (mild/moderate/moderately severe vs minimal or none—ref)

− 3.88***

− 5.35; − 2.41

0.01; 0.15

− 3.56***

− 4.88; − 2.24

Interaction

 Measurement of perceived social support

 Family group (unit: score)

− 1.65***

− 2.57; − 0.73

 Friend group (unit: score)

1.25***

0.48; 2.02