Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants.

From: Positive association between sodium-to-chloride ratio and in-hospital mortality of acute heart failure

Quartile of Na/Cl ratio

Total

Q1

Q2

Q3

P

0.95–1.75

0.95–1.33

1.33–1.38

1.38–1.75

N

n = 7844

n = 2607

n = 2606

n = 2631

 

Demographics

 Sex, n (%)

0.004

  Male

4205 (53.6)

1404 (53.9)

1454 (55.8)

1347 (51.2)

 

  Female

3639 (46.4)

1203 (46.1)

1152 (44.2)

1284 (48.8)

 

 Age, n (%)

73.0 ± 13.7

72.8 ± 13.5

73.7 ± 13.6

72.4 ± 13.8

0.002

Classification of AHF, n (%)

 

 Systolic heart failure

3072 (39.2)

1082 (41.5)

1061 (40.7)

929 (35.3)

 < 0.001

 Diastolic heart failure

3750 (47.8)

1210 (46.4)

1187 (45.5)

1353 (51.4)

 < 0.001

 Combined both

1006 (12.8)

308 (11.8)

355 (13.6)

343 (13)

0.137

History of disease, n (%)

 Myocardial infarction

2644 (33.7)

843 (32.3)

977 (37.5)

824 (31.3)

 < 0.001

 Cerebrovascular disease

993 (12.7)

320 (12.3)

379 (14.5)

294 (11.2)

 < 0.001

 COPD

2934 (37.4)

834 (32)

936 (35.9)

1164 (44.2)

 < 0.001

 Liver disease

705 (9.0)

261 (10)

218 (8.4)

226 (8.6)

0.079

 Chronic kidney disease

3085 (39.3)

931 (35.7)

944 (36.2)

1210 (46)

 < 0.001

 Diabetes

2351 (30.0)

717 (27.5)

785 (30.1)

849 (32.3)

 < 0.001

 Hypertension

7437 (94.8)

2475 (94.9)

2469 (94.7)

2493 (94.8)

0.939

Scoring system

 CCI

7.3 ± 2.5

7.0 ± 2.5

7.3 ± 2.5

7.6 ± 2.5

 < 0.001

 APSIII

52.0 ± 21.7

51.8 ± 22.7

50.2 ± 21.6

53.8 ± 20.6

 < 0.001

Vital signs at presentation

 Heart rate (beats/minute)

84.8 ± 16.4

84.1 ± 15.6

84.4 ± 16.7

85.7 ± 16.9

0.001

 MBP (mmHg)

76.3 ± 10.6

75.0 ± 9.8

76.9 ± 10.7

76.9 ± 11.0

 < 0.001

 RR (times/minute)

20.0 ± 3.8

19.5 ± 3.7

20.1 ± 3.8

20.4 ± 3.8

 < 0.001

 Temperature (℃)

36.8 ± 0.5

36.8 ± 0.5

36.8 ± 0.5

36.8 ± 0.5

0.517

 SaO2 (%)

96.6 ± 2.1

97.1 ± 2.0

96.6 ± 2.1

96.1 ± 2.2

 < 0.001

Laboratory findings

 White cell count (109/L)

9.3 (6.9, 12.6)

9.4 (6.9, 12.9)

9.2 (6.8, 12.4)

9.2 (6.9, 12.4)

0.22

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

11.2 ± 2.1

11.0 ± 1.9

11.4 ± 2.2

11.3 ± 2.3

 < 0.001

 Platelets (K/μL)

212 (160, 278)

197 (148, 258)

216 (165, 278)

221 (169, 294)

 < 0.001

 Glucose (mmol/L)

8.4 (6.7, 11.3)

7.7 (6.4, 10.2)

8.5 (6.8, 11.3)

9.0 (7.1, 12.4)

 < 0.001

 Serum creatinine (mg/dl)

1.6 ± 1.5

1.4 ± 1.1

1.5 ± 1.2

2.0 ± 2.0

 < 0.001

 Calcium (mmol/L)

8.7 ± 1.1

8.5 ± 1.7

8.7 ± 0.7

8.9 ± 0.8

 < 0.001

 Potassium (mmol/L)

4.0 ± 0.6

4.1 ± 0.6

4.0 ± 0.6

3.9 ± 0.6

 < 0.001

 Sodium (mmol/L)

136.3 ± 5.3

137.0 ± 4.8

136.5 ± 4.6

135.4 ± 6.2

 < 0.001

 Chloride (mmol/L)

100.4 ± 6.5

105.9 ± 4.4

100.8 ± 3.6

94.5 ± 5.6

 < 0.001

 Urinary sodium (mEq/L) (n = 3604)

39.0 (23.0, 66.2)

41.0 (24.0, 70.0)

40.0 (22.8, 66.0)

37.0 (22.0, 4.0)

0.04

 Urinary chloride (mEq/L) (n = 2600)

37.0 (20.0, 73.0)

37.0 (20.0, 75.0)

35.0 (18.5, 4.5)

37.0 (20.0, 9.0)

0.305

 Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L)

5.0 (17.0, 40.0)

2.0 (15.0, 35.0)

4.0 (16.0, 37.0)

9.0 (19.0, 48.0)

0.001

Albumin (g/dl) (n = 3187)

3.3 ± 0.6

3.1 ± 0.6

3.3 ± 0.6

3.4 ± 0.6

0.001

 Bicarbonate (mmol/L)

22.3 ± 5.2

20.1 ± 3.8

22.0 ± 4.1

24.9 ± 6.0

 < 0.001

 NT-proBNP (pg/mL)

3808.0 (1389.2, 10,101.8)

3817.0 (1399.0, 9978.0)

3654.5 (1370.5, 9428.0)

3962.0 (1413.0, 11,022.0)

0.177

 eGFR

67.0 (38.9, 91.7)

73.1 (44.4, 94.6)

69.8 (43.0, 92.2)

56.8 (29.7, 86.8)

 < 0.001

 NACL ratio

1.4 ± 0.1

1.3 ± 0.0

1.4 ± 0.0

1.4 ± 0.0

 < 0.001

Type of imbalance of sodium or chloride, n (%)

 Hyponatremia

1913 (24.4)

516 (19.8)

580 (22.3)

817 (31.1)

 < 0.001

 Hypochlorhydria

1525 (19.4)

32 (1.2)

202 (7.8)

1291 (49.1)

 < 0.001

 Hypernatremia

133 (1.7)

63 (2.4)

31 (1.2)

39 (1.5)

 < 0.001

 Hyperchloremia

1220 (15.6)

1133 (43.5)

84 (3.2)

3 (0.1)

0.002

Treatment and medications, n (%)

 PCI

700 (8.9)

242 (9.3)

257 (9.9)

201 (7.6)

0.014

 MV

1658 (21.1)

669 (25.7)

503 (19.3)

486 (18.5)

 < 0.001

 Use of diuretic

4515 (57.6)

1375 (52.7)

1516 (58.2)

1624 (61.7)

 < 0.001

Outcomes

 In-hospital mortality, n (%)

776 (9.9)

209 (8)

243 (9.3)

324 (12.3)

 < 0.001

 Los hospital (days)

11.8 ± 10.2

11.9 ± 10.0

11.3 ± 9.2

12.4 ± 11.3

 < 0.001

 Los ICU (days)

4.5 ± 5.5

4.6 ± 5.4

4.4 ± 5.4

4.5 ± 5.8

0.475

 AKI in 2 days

5622 (71.7)

1943 (74.5)

1786 (68.5)

1893 (71.9)

 < 0.001

 AKI in 7 days

6030 (76.9)

2056 (78.9)

1926 (73.9)

2048 (77.8)

 < 0.001

  1. COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CCI Charlson comorbidity index, APSIII Simplified acute physiology score III, MBP Mean blood pressure, RR Respiratory rate, SaO2 Oxygen saturation of blood, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, PCI Percutaneous coronary intervention, MV Mechanical ventilation, Los hospital Length of stay in hospital, Los ICU Length of stay in ICU, AKI Acut kidney injury.
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