Figure 8 | Scientific Reports

Figure 8

From: Reversing valproic acid-induced autism-like behaviors through a combination of low-frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

Figure 8

The timeline of the study and anatomical malformation caused by prenatal valproic acid (VPA). (a) After mating on the 12.5th day of pregnancy, valproic acid (VPA) or saline was injected intraperitoneally (600 mg/kg) to induce autism spectrum disorder (ASD). On postnatal day 30, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were injected into the lateral ventricle of the brain (15 mg/ml, 2.5 µl). From days 31 to 44, low-frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) treatment was administered for 14 consecutive days. Subsequently, rats were subjected to behavioral testing, and on day 60, rats were sacrificed for brain sample collection for further analysis. (b) Anatomical malformation of the tail of a rat compared to a healthy rat after prenatal VPA exposure.

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