Figure 1

Time-calibrated tree inferred from mitochondrial 13 PCGs dataset. The colored circle on the node indicates high or moderate nodal support; the red circle BS > 90% and PP > 0.99; the orange circle BS > 50% and PP > 0.95. Each node has an estimated divergence time (mya). The nodes with the serial number (1–14) are detailed in Table 1; the nodes used for absolute time calibration are indicated as numbers enclosed with green hexagons. The five families of aquatic-adapted mites are highlighted. The OTUs with a different mitogenome gene arrangement from a general pattern for Brachypylina have a star symbol and Mitotype name. There are two Arotrobates granulatus species in the dataset, representing different populations from neighbouring southern Japanese islands (Table 2) and possibly a cryptic species complex⁴⁸.