Table 3 Analysis of risk factors for GI bleeding by Cox proportional hazards model.

From: Gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation: prespecified All Nippon Atrial Fibrillation in the Elderly (ANAFIE) Registry subgroup analysis

Factors

Total GI bleeding

Upper GI bleeding

Lower GI bleeding

HR (95% CI)

p-value

HR (95% CI)

p-value

HR (95% CI)

p-value

Female

0.92 (0.81, 1.04)

0.182

0.75 (0.59, 0.96)

0.020

0.99 (0.85, 1.16)

0.884

Age ≥ 85 years

1.21 (1.06, 1.39)

0.006

1.67 (1.31, 2.13)

 < 0.001

1.00 (0.84, 1.19)

0.972

Body mass index ≥ 25.0 kg/m2†

1.17 (1.01, 1.35)

0.036

1.01 (0.77, 1.32)

0.968

1.28 (1.08, 1.52)

0.005

History of major bleeding

2.22 (1.82, 2.71)

 < 0.001

1.99 (1.38, 2.88)

 < 0.001

2.37 (1.87, 3.01)

 < 0.001

Heart failure

1.24 (1.09, 1.40)

 < 0.001

1.22 (0.96, 1.53)

0.100

1.18 (1.01, 1.37)

0.040

Hyperuricaemia

1.18 (1.03, 1.36)

0.017

1.22 (0.95, 1.57)

0.117

1.17 (0.99, 1.39)

0.068

Persistent AF‡

0.85 (0.71, 1.01)

0.067

0.89 (0.64, 1.23)

0.473

0.84 (0.67, 1.05)

0.120

Long-standing persistent + permanent AF‡

0.92 (0.81, 1.06)

0.254

0.96 (0.75, 1.23)

0.763

0.91 (0.77, 1.08)

0.282

Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg

1.00 (0.85, 1.17)

0.989

0.90 (0.67, 1.22)

0.508

1.02 (0.84, 1.23)

0.841

Presence of GI disease

1.41 (1.24, 1.60)

 < 0.001

1.25 (0.99, 1.58)

0.066

1.56 (1.34, 1.82)

 < 0.001

No-OACs§

0.66 (0.50, 0.88)

0.005

0.64 (0.38, 1.09)

0.098

0.70 (0.49, 0.99)

0.043

Use of DOAC§

1.01 (0.88, 1.15)

0.941

0.99 (0.77, 1.26)

0.935

1.05 (0.88, 1.24)

0.607

Concomitant use of PPI

0.88 (0.77, 1.00)

0.044

0.81 (0.64, 1.03)

0.092

0.88 (0.75, 1.03)

0.122

Concomitant use of P-gp inhibitors

1.55 (1.09, 2.20)

0.014

1.59 (0.84, 2.99)

0.155

1.46 (0.94, 2.26)

0.092

Polypharmacy (use of 5–8 drugs)

1.23 (1.04, 1.46)

0.018

1.09 (0.79, 1.50)

0.600

1.29 (1.05, 1.59)

0.017

Polypharmacy (use of ≥ 9 drugs)

1.65 (1.35, 2.01)

 < 0.001

1.73 (1.21, 2.47)

0.003

1.61 (1.26, 2.05)

 < 0.001

  1. †Versus body mass index > 18.5 kg/m2 and < 25.0 kg/m2.
  2. ‡Versus paroxysmal AF.
  3. §Versus warfarin.
  4. Versus polypharmacy (use of < 5 drugs).
  5. AF, atrial fibrillation; CI, confidence interval; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulants; GI, gastrointestinal; HR, hazard ratio; OAC, oral anticoagulants; P-gp, P-glycoprotein; PPI, proton-pump inhibitors.
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