Table 4 Causes of death.
Cause of death | GI bleeding (n = 124) | Bleeding site | |
|---|---|---|---|
Upper (n = 40) | Lower (n = 51) | ||
Cardiovascular death | |||
Fatal bleeding | 32 (25.8) | 9 (22.5) | 5 (9.8) |
Intracranial bleeding | 2 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.0) |
Extracranial bleeding | 30 (24.2) | 9 (22.5) | 4 (7.8) |
Non-haemorrhagic cardiovascular death | 23 (18.5) | 8 (20.0) | 13 (25.5) |
Ischaemic stroke | 4 (3.2) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) |
Congestive heart failure or cardiogenic shock | 9 (7.3) | 3 (7.5) | 8 (15.7) |
Pulmonary embolism | 2 (1.6) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) |
Sudden or unwitnessed death | 5 (4.0) | 3 (7.5) | 4 (7.8) |
Other causes | 3 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.0) |
Death caused by malignancy | |||
Malignancy | 17 (13.7) | 9 (22.5) | 10 (19.6) |
Other deaths | 52 (41.9) | 14 (35.0) | 23 (45.1) |
Infection | 17 (13.7) | 6 (15.0) | 5 (9.8) |
Renal disease | 7 (5.6) | 1 (2.5) | 5 (9.8) |
Other causes (i.e., undetermined, natural death, and others) | 28 (22.6) | 7 (17.5) | 13 (25.5) |
