Table 2 Univariate and multivariate regression analyses of risk factors for POP.

From: Glucose-albumin ratio (GAR) as a novel biomarker for predicting postoperative pneumonia (POP) in older adults with hip fractures

Characteristics

Univariate

Multivariate

OR

95%CI

p-value

OR

95%CI

p-value

Age

1.08

1.05–1.10

 < 0.001

1.04

1.01–1.07

0.003

Female gender

0.93

0.67–1.45

0.926

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

Smoking

1.07

0.65–1.76

0.785

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

Alcohol

1.04

0.58–1.88

0.889

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

Hypertension

1.43

0.97–2.10

0.070

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

Diabetes

1.40

0.92–2.14

0.118

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

COPD

7.23

4.75–11.01

 < 0.001

5.50

3.42–8.85

 < 0.001

Cardiovascular

1.85

1.25–2.72

0.002

0.86

0.54–1.35

0.505

Stroke

2.34

1.58–3.44

 < 0.001

1.71

1.09–2.67

0.020

Dementia

2.40

1.13–5.09

0.022

1.65

0.69–3.96

0.264

Intracerebral hemorrhage

1.11

0.50–2.48

0.799

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

Chronic liver disease

2.17

1.07–4.41

0.032

1.48

0.64–3.44

0.360

Chronic kidney disease

2.39

1.24–4.62

0.009

1.62

0.73–3.60

0.238

Rheumatoid arthritis

NA

NA

NA

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

Readmission

1.87

1.27–2.76

0.002

1.32

0.84–2.09

0.230

Fracture type

0.71

0.53–0.96

0.027

0.97

0.67–1.40

0.870

Surgery type

0.92

0.79–1.07

0.285

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

Bedridden time

1.10

1.06–1.14

 < 0.001

1.06

1.01–1.10

0.009

Operative blood loss

1.00

1.00–1.00

0.410

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

Surgery time

1.08

0.87–1.35

0.493

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

Transfusion

1.13

0.69–1.85

0.640

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

 < NA > 

Postoperative ICU

3.86

2.14–6.96

 < 0.001

2.52

1.28–4.97

0.008

ASA

2.89

1.85–4.52

 < 0.001

1.29

0.77–2.14

0.330

GAR ≥ 0.175 mmol/L

6.29

3.65–10.00

 < 0.001

3.91

2.36–6.48

 < 0.001

  1. p-value: p < 0.05 indicates that the risk factor is statistically significantly associated with the POP outcome. In the multivariate analysis, Age, COPD, Cardiovascular, Stroke, Dementia, Chronic liver disease, Chronic kidney disease, Readmission, Fracture type, Bedridden time, Postoperative ICU, ASA, GAR ≥ 0.175 mmol/L were included. In multivariate analysis adjusting for potential confounders, Age (1.04), COPD (OR 5.50), Stroke (OR 1.71), Bedridden time (OR 1.06), Postoperative ICU (OR 2.52), and GAR ≥ 0.175 (OR 3.91) remained independent risk factors for POP.
  2. POP postoperative pneumonia, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists score, GAR glucose to albumin ratio.
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