Table 2 Association of biological, phenotypic, and chronological age with diabetic retinopathy.

From: Association between biological aging and diabetic retinopathy

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

Biological age

1.04 (1.02–1.06)

< 0.001

1.10 (1.06–1.14)

< 0.001

1.12 (1.06–1.18)

0.001

Biological age acceleration

 No

1 [Reference]

 

1 [Reference]

 

1 [Reference]

 

 Yes

4.32 (2.76–6.76)

< 0.001

4.35 (2.59–7.31)

< 0.001

3.80 (2.01–7.18)

0.002

Phenotypic age

1.07 (1.06–1.09)

< 0.001

1.12 (1.09–1.14)

< 0.001

1.11 (1.07–1.14)

< 0.001

Phenotypic age acceleration

 No

1 [Reference]

 

1 [Reference]

 

1 [Reference]

 

 Yes

8.12 (5.36–12.30)

< 0.001

7.00 (4.36–11.25)

< 0.001

6.52 (3.45–12.32)

< 0.001

Chronological age

1.04 (1.02–1.05)

< 0.001

1.03 (1.02–1.05)

< 0.001

1.01 (0.99–1.03)

0.19

 Subgroups

  < 60

1 [Reference]

 

1 [Reference]

 

1 [Reference]

 

  60–69

1.99 (1.09–3.66)

0.03

1.94 (1.02–3.69)

0.04

1.34 (0.66–2.72)

0.36

  ≥ 70

2.03 (1.38–2.97)

< 0.001

1.85 (1.23–2.78)

0.01

1.06 (0.60–1.89)

0.81

  Trend test

 

< 0.001

 

0.003

 

0.64

  1. CI confidence interval, OR odd ratio. Model 1 was the crude model without adjustment for covariates. Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, PIR, marital status, education level. Model 3 was adjusted as for model 2, additionally adjusted for physical activity, HEI-2015 score, drinking status, smoking status, BMI, CVD history, and hypertension. Age was not adjusted for in the regression model for chronological age.
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