Figure 1

Maps of the study region (a) and cumulative number of COVID-19 infection cases (b) at English MSOA level during the study period. (c): Plot of the reported number of COVID-19 cases by week for all MSOAs in mainland England between 7 March, 2020 and 26 March, 2022. Weeks of lockdown are highlighted in pink. Note that some MSOAs, such as these around Liverpool, Sheffield and London, have a highly concentrated number of MSOA boundaries. In order to enhance the overall readability of the visualization and avoid an overly cluttered map, we simplified the representation in these highly congested areas by selectively removing some of the MSOA boundaries that were closely clustered together in Figure 1 (b)..