Figure 2

Species richness (number of species observed per night; upper row) and species diversity (Shannon’s H index per night; lower row) in relation to the distance classes (data set 1 with all nights in first left column, data set 2 with the reduced set of nights, during which ambient noise and sky brightness was measured, in second column), ambient noise (data set 2 in third column) and sky brightness (data set 2 in fourth column) reflecting the urban–rural gradient. Boxplots represent medians, quartiles and the total ranges. Thick lines: Model estimate; thin lines: 95% confidence intervals.