Table 1 AOD loading in different seasons during 2003–2020 in BMR.

From: Land surface temperature and transboundary air pollution: a case of Bangkok Metropolitan Region

Season

Province

Average ± SE

Dry

Rainy

Cool

Dry

Bangkok Metropolis

0.519 ± 0.06

1.000

Rainy

0.416 ± 0.048

0.000****

1.000

Cool

0.461 ± 0.068

0.005 ***

0.0272 *

1.000

Dry

Nakhon Pathom

0.508 ± 0.064

1.000

Rainy

0.404 ± 0.048

0.000***

1.000

Cool

0.525 ± 0.068

0.425

0.000***

1.000

Dry

Nonthaburi

0.545 ± 0.058

1.000

Rainy

0.412 ± 0.052

0.000***

1.000

Cool

0.510 ± 0.072

0.0875

0.000***

1.000

Dry

Pathum Thani

0.557 ± 0.063

1.000

Rainy

0.389 ± 0.042

0.000***

1.000

Cool

0.459 ± 0.063

0.000***

0.000***

1.000

Dry

Samut Prakan

0.540 ± 0.066

1.000

Rainy

0.468 ± 0.035

0.000 ***

1.000

Cool

0.507 ± 0.067

0.0906

0.0506

1.000

Dry

Samut Sakhon

0.526 ± 0.076

1.000

Rainy

0.438 ± 0.053

0.000 ***

1.000

Cool

0.613 ± 0.078

0.000 ***

0.000 ***

1.000

  1. ***P < 0.001.
  2. Dry Seasons (Feb–May) had high AOD concentrations, while cool (Nov–Jan) and rainy seasons (Jun–Oct) had low concentrations. However, Nakhon Pathom and Samut Sakhon had higher concentrations during cool seasons.