Table 1 Alzheimer’s disease progression markers, demographic variables, and vascular risk factors in adults with Down syndrome in the whole sample and by consensus diagnosis groups.

From: Cerebrovascular disease emerges with age and Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome

 

Total

Cognitively-stable

MCI-DS

AD Dementia

Statistics

N

242(100%)

182 (7S.2%)

30 (12.4%)

30(12.4%)

 

Age‡

25–72

25–72

43–63

44–68

F[2,239) = 40.3,

p-value < 0.001

45.1 [43.9,46.4]

42.4 [41.1, 43.7]

51.3 [49.2, 53.4]

55.5 [53.3, 57.7]

Centiloid‡

 − 19.2 to 194.2

 − 19.2 to 145.5

15.3–162.1

50.5–194.2

F(2,170) = 82.3,

p-value = le−25

34.3 [29.0, 39.5]

19.0115.0, 23.1]

76.4 [62.2, 90.5]

99.2 186.7, 111.6]

Early Braak‡

0.9–2

0.9–1.7

1–1.9

1.2–2

F(2,141) = 47.S,

p-value = 2e−16

1.3 [1.23,1.29]

1,2 [1.17, 1.22]

1.6 [1.46,1.65]

1.6 [1,54, 1,75]

Middle Braak‡

0.9–2.2

0.9–1.7

1–2.2

1–2.2

F(2,141) = 55.9,

p-value = le−18

1.2 [1.16, 1.23]

1.1 [1.11, 1.14]

1.5 [1.35, 1.61]

1.6 11.51, 1.79]

Late Braak‡

0.5–2.5

0.9–1.5

1–2.2

0.5–2.5

F(2,141) = 27.2,

p-value=le−10

1.1 [1,06, 1.13]

1 [1,02, 1,06]

1.3 [1.18, 1.44|

1.4 [1.25, 1,64]

Sex

103 (42.6%) women

84 (46.2%) women

7 (23.3%) women

12 (40%) women

χ2(2) = 5.6,

p-value = 0.06

139(57.4%) men

98(53.8%) men

23 (76.7%) men

18 (60%) men

Ethnicity

231 (95,5%) Non-Hispanic

171 (94%) Non-Hispanic

30 (94%) Non-Hispanic

30 (94%) Non-Hispanic

χ2 = 3.8,

p-value = 0.15

11(4.5%) Hispanic

11(6%) Hispanic

0 (0%) Hispanic

0 (0%) Hispanic

Race

231(97.1%) White

4(1.7%) Black

3 (1,3%) Asian

175 (98.3%) White

1(0.6%) Black

2(1.1%) Asian

28 (93.3%) White 1

(3.3%) Black

1(3.3%) Asian

28 (93.3%) White

2 (3.3%) Black

0 (0%) Asian

χ2(4) = 7.8, p-value = 0.1

Premorbid intellectual developmental disability

129(53.5%) Mild

95 (39.4%) Moderate

17 (7.1%) Severe

97(53.6%) Mild

70 (38.7%) Moderate

14 (7.7%) Severe

15 (50%) Mild

14(46.7%) Moderate

1 (3.3%) Severe

17 (56.7%) Mild

11(36.7%) Moderate

2 (6.7%) Severe

χ2(2) = 1.3, p-value = 0.86

APOE4

55 (24.8%) Carrier

37 (22.3%) Carrier

6(23.1%) Carrier

12 (40%) Carrier

χ2(2) = 4.3, p-value = 0.12

Hypertension

12 (6.2%) Yes

6 (4%) Yes

3 (12%) Yes

3 (15.8%) Yes

χ2(2) = 5.6, p-value = 0.06

Diabetes

13 (5.4%) Yes

9 (4.9%) Yes

2 (6.9%) Yes

2 (6.7%) Yes

χ2(2) = 0.3, p-value = 0.86

Hyperlipidemia†

SI (42%) Yes

55 (36.9%) Yes

13 (52%) Yes

13 (68.4%) Yes

χ2(2) = 8.1, p-value = 0.02

BMI+

18.3–69.2

18.3–69.2

20.8–39.4

20.9–42.2

F(2,231) = 3.9,

p-value = 0,02

31.9 [30.9, 32.9]

32,7 [31.5, 33.9]

28,9 [27.3, 30.5]

30.3 [28.2, 32.4]

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

95 (43.6%) Yes

69 (41.8%) Yes

10(37%)Yes

16 (61.5%) Yes

χ2(2) = 4.1, p-value = 0.13

  1. Bold indicates significance in the omnibus test. +indicates significance between Cognitively-Stable and MCI-DS. † indicates significance between Cognitively-Stable and AD. ‡ indicates significance between Cognitively-Stable and MCI-DS and between Cognitively-Stable an AD.
Back to article page