Figure 3 | Scientific Reports

Figure 3

From: Phylogenetic insights into the genetic legacies of Hungarian-speaking communities in the Carpathian Basin

Figure 3

Median-Joining Network of 123 R1a-Z93 Y-STR haplotypes. The network was created with the Network (Fluxus-engineering) 10.2.0.0 program and the figures were drawn with the Network Publisher program. The circle sizes are proportional to the haplotype frequencies. The smallest area is equivalent to one individual. Arrows show the samples of this study. Cluster 2 includes three haplotypes: one Hungarian aDNA (Nagykőrös Gr2), one Xiongnu period aDNA (TUK09A) and one modern Armenian sample, separated by one molecular step (loci DYS389I and DYS390) from clusters 3 and 4. Cluster 2 is considered as the founding haplotype, as it contains two ancient haplotypes from males that lived 1000–2500 years ago. The Y-STR haplotype of Hungarian King Bela III (died in 1196 CE) is found three molecular steps away from cluster 2 (see KB3). Cluster 3 includes one Hungarian speaking Székely, one Mongolian, one Altaian, and one Bronze Age Andronovo aDNA (S10) samples. One ancient Hungarian sample (sample II54 from the Hungarian Royal Basilica of Székesfehérvár) is located one mutational step (DYS391) from cluster 5 and one mutational step (DYS19) from a Xiongnu period sample (TUK45).

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