Table 4 Results of QAP.

From: Social network analysis of a decade-long collaborative innovation network between hospitals and the biomedical industry in China

Attribute features

Expected

Observed

Difference

P ≥ Difference

P ≤ Difference

Geographical locations

 1 northwest-northwest

125.478

147.000

21.522

0.000

1.000

 2 southeast-northwest

88.985

75.000

− 13.985

0.983

0.027

 3 southeast-southeast

15.537

8.000

− 7.537

0.991

0.021

Regional economic development levels

 1 underdeveloped-developed

173.224

185.000

11.776

0.010

0.996

 2 developed-underdeveloped

52.848

40.000

− 12.848

0.995

0.010

 3 developed-developed

3.928

5.000

1.072

0.349

0.807

Type of players

 1 big player-big player

140.892

101.000

− 39.892

1.000

< 0.001

 2 big player-small player

78.391

80.000

1.609

0.425

0.628

 3 small player-small player

10.716

49.000

38.284

< 0.001

1.000