Table 2 Relevant UAV 3D routing and trajectory optimization literature.

From: Robust digital-twin airspace discretization and trajectory optimization for autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles

Method/author(s)

Method

Application

Simulation/experimental verification

Trajectory optimization of multiple quad-rotor UAVs in collaborative assembling task55

Genetic algorithm

Uncapacitated Multi UAV trajectory optimization

Simulation

No real time applicability for heterogeneous fleet/swarm operation. No wind consideration

3D off-line path planning for aerial vehicle using distance transform technique56

Multi criteria decision analysis

Off-line path planning

Simulation

No real time applicability for heterogeneous fleet/swarm operation. Limited UAV dynamics accountability and lacking wind consideration

A heuristic mission planning algorithm for heterogeneous tasks with heterogeneous UAVs57

Heuristic algorithm

Mission planning for heterogeneous tasks

Simulation

No real time applicability and wind consideration. Limited UAV dynamics accountability

3D multi-constraint route planning for UAV low-altitude penetration based on multi-agent genetic algorithm58

Genetic algorithm

Mission multi-constraint route planning

Simulation

No real time applicability for heterogeneous fleet/swarm operation. Limited UAV dynamics accountability and lacking wind consideration

Distributed pseudolinear estimation and UAV path optimization for 3D target tracking59

Gradient-descent algorithm

UAV path optimization for 3D target tracking

Simulation

No real time applicability for heterogeneous fleet/swarm operation and wind consideration

Online path planning for UAV using an improved differential evolution algorithm60

Differential Evolution Algorithm

Online path planning for UAV

Simulation

No real time applicability and wind consideration. Limited UAV dynamics accountability

Trajectory planning for unmanned aerial vehicles in complicated urban environments: A control network approach61

control network and Dubins curve Algorithm

Two-stage control network approach

Simulation

No applicability for huge-scale cities, the control network could contain billions of links and it may cause the path-finding problem computationally burdensome/over-simplification of the city model

3D path planning and real-time collision resolution of multirotor drone operations in complex urban low-altitude airspace62

3D voxel jump and Markov decision process

Autonomous drone collision-free path planning

Simulation

Originated from the classical 2D grid map JPS method considers only diagonal or straight directions/over-simplification of the city model