Table 3 Relationship between farmer and farming characteristics, and use of mechanization.
From: Farmer typology and drivers of agricultural mechanization use in Haiti
Farmer and farming characteristics | Mechanization use | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cluster 1: Little rain-fed farms N = 217 | Cluster 2: Little lowlands farms N = 175 | Cluster 3: Medium-sized farms in irrigated plains N = 107 | Cluster 4: Large fragmented mountain farms N = 138 | Pooled sample N = 637 | |||||||||||
Yes N (%) | No N (%) | Sig | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | Sig | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | Sig | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | Sig | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | Sig | |
Regions | |||||||||||||||
Grande-Anse | 23 (36.5) | 40 (63.5) | *** | 8 (30.8) | 18 (69.2) | *** | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ns | 3 (9.4) | 29 (90.6) | *** | 35 (28.7) | 87 (71.3) | *** |
Artibonite | 8 (50.0) | 8 (50.0) | 10 (47.6) | 11 (52.4) | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 29 (69.0) | 13 (31.0) | 48 (60.0) | 32 (40.0) | |||||
Nord | 31 (73.8) | 11 (26.2) | 47 (73.4) | 17 (26.6) | 34(100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (75.0) | 5 (25.0) | 127 (79.4) | 33 (20.6) | |||||
Nord-Est | 21 (30.0) | 49 (70.0) | 10 (47.6) | 11 (52.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (63.6) | 8 (36.4) | 45 (39.8) | 68 (60.2) | |||||
Sud = Ref | 20 (76.9) | 6 (23.1) | 30 (69.8) | 13 (30.2) | 70 (98.6) | 1 (1.4) | 13 (59.1) | 9 (40.9) | 133 (82.1) | 29 (17.9) | |||||
Gender of the farmer | |||||||||||||||
Female | 14 (35.0) | 26 (65.0) | * | 13 (48.1) | 14 (51.9) | ns | 9 (90.0) | 1 (10.0) | *** | 4 (33.3) | 8 (66.7) | ns | 40 (44.9) | 49 (55.1) | *** |
Male | 89 (50.3) | 88 (49.7) | 92 (62.2) | 56 (37.8) | 97 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 70 (55.6) | 56 (44.4) | 348 (63.5) | 200 (36.5) | |||||
Age of the farmer | |||||||||||||||
Young (< 45) | 22 (46.8) | 25 (53.2) | ns | 25 (58.1) | 18 (41.9) | ns | 39 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ns | 11 (37.9) | 18 (62.1) | ** | 97 (61.4) | 61 (38.6) | * |
Mature (45–45) | 24 (38.1) | 39 (61.9) | 30 (62.5) | 18 (37.5) | 20 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 18 (43.9) | 23 (56.1) | 92 (53.5) | 80 (46.5) | |||||
Old (more than 55) | 57 (53.3) | 50 (46.7) | 50 (59.5) | 34 (40.5) | 47 (97.9) | 1 (2.1) | 45 (66.2) | 23 (33.8) | 199 (64.8) | 108 (35.2) | |||||
Agricultural education | |||||||||||||||
No education = Ref | 67(45.6) | 80 (54.4) | ns | 72 (57.6) | 53 (42.4) | ns | 66 (98.5) | 1 (1.5) | ns | 51 (53.1) | 45 (46.9) | ns | 256 (58.9) | 179 (41.1) | ns |
Seminars | 34 (54.0) | 29 (45.0) | 31 (64.6) | 17 (35.4) | 33 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (52.8) | 17 (47.2) | 117 (65.0) | 63 (35.0) | |||||
Graduate school | 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | 15 (68.2) | 7 (31.8) | |||||
Education within the farm | |||||||||||||||
Low (no one with secondary school) | 34 (51.5) | 32 (48.5) | ns | 52 (54.7) | 43 (45.3) | ns | 37 (97.4) | 1 (2.6) | ns | 28 (50.9) | 27 (49.1) | ns | 151 (59.4) | 103 (40.6) | ns |
Only one | 31 (51.7) | 29 (48.3) | 26 (60.5) | 17 (39.5) | 26 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 23 (56.1) | 18 (43.9) | 106 (62.4) | 64 (37.6) | |||||
Two or more | 38 (41.8) | 53 (58.2) | 27 (73.0) | 10 (27.0) | 43 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 23 (54.8) | 19 (45.2) | 131 (61.5) | 82 (38.5) | |||||
Farm size | |||||||||||||||
Very small (< 1 cx) | 74 (48.1) | 80(51.9) | ns | 81 (60.0) | 54 (40.0) | ns | 55 (98.2) | 1 (1.8) | ns | 10 (40.0) | 15 (60.0) | ns | 220 (59.5) | 150 (40.5) | ns |
Small (1–2 cx) | 25 (43.9) | 32 (56.1) | 21 (56.8) | 16 (43.2) | 33 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 39 (55.7) | 31 (44.3) | 118 (59.9) | 79 (40.1) | |||||
Large (> 2 cx) | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | 3 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 18 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 25 (58.1) | 18 (41.9) | 50 (71.4) | 20 (28.6) | |||||
Livestock | |||||||||||||||
Very few (< 2 UBT) | 35 (42.2) | 48 (57.8) | ns | 38 (51.4) | 36 (48.6) | ns | 36 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ns | 18 (45.0) | 22 (55.0) | ns | 127 (54.5) | 106 (45.5) | ** |
Few (2–3.6 UBT) | 37 (56.1) | 29 (43.9) | 37 (67.3) | 18 (32.7) | 34 (97.1) | 1 (2.9) | 25 (51.0) | 24 (49.0) | 133 (64.9) | 72 (35.1) | |||||
Important (> 3.6 UBT) | 31 (45.6) | 37 (54.4) | 30 (65.2) | 16 (34.8) | 36 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 31 (63.3) | 18 (36.7) | 128 (64.3) | 71 (35.7) | |||||
Irrigation | |||||||||||||||
Absence (0 irrigated plot) | 102(47.7) | 112 (52.3) | ns | 70 (40.0) | 105 (60.0) | ns | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ns | 71 (53.0) | 63 (47.0) | ns | 280 (53.3) | 245 (46.7) | *** |
Few (1 irrigated plot) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 5 (83.3) | 1 (16.7) | |||||
Many (> 1 irrigated plot) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 0 | 0 | 101 (99.0) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 103 (97.2) | 3 (2.8) | |||||
Adaptation to climate change | |||||||||||||||
No = Ref | 67 (45.0) | 82 (55.0) | ns | 56 (54.4) | 45 (45.6) | * | 51 (98.1) | 1 (1.9) | ns | 49 (48.0) | 53 (52.0) | ** | 223 (54.9) | 183 (45.1) | *** |
Yes | 36 (52.9) | 32 (47.1) | 49 (68.1) | 23 (31.9) | 55 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 25 (69.4) | 11 (30.6) | 165 (71.4) | 65 (28.6) | |||||
Contact with public interventions | |||||||||||||||
No = Ref | 58 (46.8) | 66 (53.2) | ns | 67 (61.5) | 42 (38.5) | ns | 65 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ns | 35 (56.5) | 27 (43.5) | ns | 225 (62.5) | 135 (37.5) | ns |
Yes | 45 (48.4) | 48 (51.6) | 38 (57.6) | 28 (42.4) | 41 (97.6) | 1 (2.4) | 39 (51.3) | 37 (48.7) | 163 (58.8) | 114 (41.2) | |||||
Access to credit | |||||||||||||||
No = Ref | 67 (42.7) | 90 (57.3) | ** | 82 (59.0) | 57 (41.0) | ns | 59(98.3) | 1 (1.7) | ns | 52 (50.5) | 51 (49.5) | ns | 260 (56.6) | 199 (43.4) | *** |
Yes | 36 (60.0) | 24 (40.0) | 23 (63.9) | 13 (36.1) | 47 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 22 (62.9) | 13 (37.1) | 128 (71.9) | 50 (28.1) | |||||
Remittances | |||||||||||||||
No = Ref | 95 (47.0) | 107 (53.0) | ns | 7 (41.2) | 10 (58.8) | * | 42 (97.7) | 1 (2.3) | ns | 33 (60.0) | 22 (40.0) | ns | 177 (55.8) | 140 (44.2) | *** |
Yes | 8 (53.3) | 7 (46.7) | 98 (62.0) | 60 (38.0) | 64 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 41 (49.4) | 42 (50.6) | 211 (65.9) | 109 (34.1) | |||||
Regular saving behavior | |||||||||||||||
No = Ref | 65 (41.7) | 91 (58.3) | *** | 56 (56.0) | 44 (44.0) | ns | 72 (98.6) | 1 (1.4) | ns | 50 (58.1) | 36 (41.9) | ns | 243 (58.6) | 172 (41.4) | * |
Yes | 38 (62.3) | 23 (37.7) | 49 (65.3) | 26 (34.7) | 34 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 24 (46.2) | 28 (53.8) | 145 (65.3) | 77 (34.7) | |||||
Off-farm income | |||||||||||||||
Less than 100,000.00 HTG = Ref | 22 (47.8) | 24 (52.2) | ns | 15 (50.0) | 15 (50.0) | ns | 13 (92.9) | 1 (7.1) | ** | 14 (53.8) | 12 (46.2) | ns | 64 (55.2) | 14 (44.8) | * |
100,000.00–200,000.00 HTG | 3 (50.0) | 3 (50.0) | 2 (40.0) | 3 (60.0) | 3 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (27.3) | 8 (72.7) | 11 (44.0) | 14 (56.0) | |||||
More than 200,000.00 HTG | 78 (47.3) | 87 (52.7) | 88 (62.9) | 52 (37.1) | 90 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 57 (56.4) | 44 (43.6) | 313 (63.1) | 183 (36.9) | |||||
Food security status | |||||||||||||||
Food secure | 3 (27.3) | 8 (72.7) | *** | 100 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ** | 4 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ns | 0 | 0 | ns | 8 (50.0) | 8 (50.0) | *** |
Low food insecurity | 33 (66.0) | 17 (34.0) | 49 (72.1) | 19 (27.9) | 70 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (52.4) | 10 (47.6) | 163 (78.0) | 46 (22.0) | |||||
Moderate food insecurity | 34 (51.5) | 32 (48.5) | 26 (49.1) | 27 (50.9) | 18(94.7) | 1 (5.3) | 15 (40.5) | 22 (59.5) | 93 (53.1) | 82 (46.9) | |||||
Severe food insecurity = Ref | 33 (36.7) | 57 (63.3) | 29 (54.7) | 24 (45.3) | 14 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 48 (60.0) | 32 (40.0) | 124(52.3) | 113 (47.7) | |||||
Total | 103 (47.5) | 114 (52.5) | 105 (60.0) | 70 (40.0) | 106 (99.1) | 1 (0.9) | 74 (53.6) | 64 (46.4) | 388 (60.9) | 249 (39.1) | |||||
