Figure 1

Study area map showing elevation over the geographic extent of Kenya and Narok county (a). The arid zone (semi-arid and arid) of the Kenya agroclimatic zones is shown in black hatching. The rest of the area is under the humid (very humid, humid, semi-humid) category. Monthly average (1981–2021) rainfall of Kenya showing spatial heterogeneity in rainfall (b). Standard deviation of MAM and OND total rainfall (1981–2021), showing high deviations in the highland and coastal areas (c). Boxplot of monthly rainfall spatially averaged over each agro-climatic zone (d). There are high variations among the agro-climatic zones for the months between April and November, and arid zones have very low rainfall between July and October. Figure (a) was created using ArcGIS Pro 3.2.0, (b), (c) and (d) were created in Python 3.10.9 using Matplotlib 3.7.0⁸⁷ library (https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4160265).