Table 1 Basic characteristics of the study population (n = 3080).
From: Associations of mixed metal exposure with chronic kidney disease from NHANES 2011–2018
Variables | Total | CKD | Non-CKD | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 3080 | 582 (18.90) | 2498 (81.10) | < 0.001 |
Gender, n (%) | 0.487 | |||
Male | 1572 (51.04) | 289 (49.66) | 1283 (51.36) | |
Female | 1508 (48.96) | 293 (50.34) | 1215 (48.64) | |
Age (years old), n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
20–39 | 1000 (32.47) | 72 (12.37) | 928 (37.15) | |
40–59 | 1014 (32.92) | 121 (20.79) | 893 (35.75) | |
60–80 | 1066 (34.61) | 389 (66.84) | 677 (27.10) | |
Race, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Hispanic | 771 (25.03) | 122 (20.96) | 649 (25.98) | |
White | 1152 (37.40) | 219 (37.63) | 933 (37.35) | |
Black | 641 (20.81) | 161 (27.66) | 480 (19.22) | |
Other races | 516 (16.75) | 80 (13.75) | 436 (17.45) | |
Education, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
High school and below | 687 (22.31) | 175 (30.07) | 512 (20.50) | |
High school and equivalent | 705 (22.89) | 158 (27.15) | 547 (21.90) | |
University and above | 1688 (54.81) | 249 (42.78) | 1439 (57.61) | |
PIR, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Below the poverty line | 614 (19.94) | 129 (22.16) | 485 (19.42) | |
At the poverty line | 967 (31.40) | 127 (21.82) | 840 (33.63) | |
Above the poverty line | 1499 (48.67) | 326 (56.01) | 1173 (46.96) | |
Smoking, n (%) | 0.006 | |||
Never smoker | 1723 (55.94) | 299 (51.37) | 1424 (57.01) | |
Former smoker | 741 (24.06) | 169 (29.04) | 572 (22.90) | |
Current smoker | 616 (20.00) | 114 (19.59) | 502 (20.10) | |
Drinking (drinks/day), n (%) | 0.001 | |||
≤ 1 | 684 (22.21) | 129 (22.16) | 555 (22.22) | |
2 | 612 (19.87) | 85 (14.60) | 527 (21.10) | |
≥ 3 | 1784 (57.92) | 368 (63.23) | 1416 (56.69) | |
Physical activity, n (%) | 0.031 | |||
Standard | 649 (21.07) | 103 (17.70) | 546 (21.86) | |
Non-standard | 2431 (78.93) | 479 (82.30) | 1952 (78.14) | |
BMI (Kg/m2), n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
≤ 25 | 947 (30.75) | 152 (26.12) | 795 (31.83) | |
25.1–29.9 | 951 (30.88) | 168 (28.87) | 783 (31.35) | |
≥ 30 | 1182 (38.38) | 262 (45.02) | 920 (36.83) | |
Hypertension, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 1359 (44.12) | 427 (73.37) | 932 (37.31) | |
No | 1721 (55.88) | 155 (26.63) | 1566 (62.69) | |
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 270 (8.77) | 128 (21.99) | 142 (5.68) | |
No | 2810 (91.23) | 454 (78.01) | 2356 (94.32) | |
Cancer, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 275 (8.93) | 91 (15.64) | 184 (7.37) | |
No | 2805 (91.07) | 491 (84.36) | 2314 (92.63) | |
Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 0.143 | |||
Yes | 593 (19.25) | 99 (17.01) | 494 (19.78) | |
No | 2487 (80.75) | 483 (82.99) | 2004 (80.22) | |
Blood glucose status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Diabetics | 446 (14.48) | 173 (29.73) | 273 (10.93) | |
Pre-diabetics | 755 (24.51) | 209 (35.91) | 546 (21.86) | |
Non-diabetics | 1879 (61.01) | 200 (34.36) | 1679 (67.21) | |
Urine metal concentration (ug/L) | ||||
Cd | 0.26 (0.13, 0.51) | 0.33 (0.18, 0.58) | 0.24 (0.13, 0.48) | < 0.001 |
Mn | 0.09 (0.09, 0.15) | 0.09 (0.09, 0.16) | 0.09 (0.09, 0.15) | 0.055 |
Pb | 0.36 (0.20, 0.63) | 0.37 (0.22, 0.64) | 0.35 (0.19, 0.63) | 0.052 |
Hg | 0.28 (0.09, 0.61) | 0.24 (0.09, 0.54) | 0.29 (0.09, 0.63) | 0.004 |
Blood metal concentration (ug/L) | ||||
Cd | 0.32 (0.19, 0.61) | 0.41 (0.24, 0.70) | 0.30 (0.18, 0.57) | < 0.001 |
Mn | 9.42 (7.53, 11.83) | 9.10 (7.06, 11.51) | 9.46 (7.64, 11.90) | 0.001 |
Pb | 10.40 (6.80, 16.50) | 13.05 (8.90, 20.60) | 9.90 (6.32, 15.60) | < 0.001 |
Hg | 0.19 (0.19, 0.21) | 0.19 (0.19, 0.23) | 0.19 (0.19, 0.19) | 0.977 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 5.61 (5.22, 6.22) | 6.00 (5.33, 7.27) | 5.55 (5.22, 6.05) | < 0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.60 (5.30, 6.00) | 5.90 (5.50, 6.60) | 5.50 (5.20, 5.80) | < 0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 94.27 (77.41, 107.90) | 59.97 (50.91, 92.37) | 97.06 (83.61, 109.77) | < 0.001 |
ACR (mg/g) | 7.32 (4.76, 14.34) | 46.04 (13.34, 112.64) | 6.40 (4.39, 10.14) | < 0.001 |
