Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by quartiles of CDAI (N = 12,286).

From: RETRACTED ARTICLE: Association between the composite dietary antioxidant index and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in adults: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2017–2020

Characteristic

Total

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

P-value

[− 7.267, − 2.299]

(− 2.299, − 0.306]

(− 0.306, 2.29]

(2.29, 68.067]

No. of participants

12,286

3073

3070

3071

3072

 

Age (years)

47.18 ± 0.46

46.16 ± 0.68

47.94 ± 0.37

47.18 ± 0.62

47.31 ± 0.80

0.01

Age group, n (%)

0.03

  >  = 18, < 60

8029 (72.04)

1936 (73.05)

1892 (68.15)

2037 (72.95)

2164 (73.77)

 

  >  = 60

4257 (27.96)

1137 (26.95)

1178 (31.85)

1034 (27.05)

908 (26.23)

 

Gender, n (%)

0.002

 Female

6180 (50.51)

1657 (55.07)

1497 (50.19)

1432 (47.04)

1594 (50.60)

 

 Male

6106 (49.49)

1416 (44.93)

1573 (49.81)

1639 (52.96)

1478 (49.40)

 

Race/ethnicity, n (%)

 < 0.0001

 Non-Hispanic White

4344 (63.80)

1016 (61.05)

1114 (64.13)

1156 (66.80)

1058 (62.73)

 

 Non-Hispanic Black

3102 (10.99)

963 (15.36)

775 (11.01)

670 ( 8.86)

694 ( 9.63)

 

 Other Race—Including Multi-Racial

2078 (9.59)

468 ( 8.80)

536 (10.15)

503 ( 9.41)

571 ( 9.90)

 

 Mexican American

1554 (8.60)

311 (7.07)

372 (8.24)

447 (9.18)

424 (9.55)

 

 Other Hispanic

1208 (7.02)

315 (7.72)

273 (6.46)

295 (5.75)

325 (8.20)

 

Marital status, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Married/cohabiting

6846 (60.42)

1497 (52.66)

1763 (61.78)

1809 (63.88)

1777 (61.95)

 

 Unmarried

5440 (39.58)

1576 (47.34)

1307 (38.22)

1262 (36.12)

1295 (38.05)

 

Education level, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Above high school

6945 (61.30)

1418 (50.18)

1713 (59.61)

1898 (67.04)

1916 (65.94)

 

 High school or equivalent

4501 (35.55)

1382 (45.54)

1159 (37.20)

972 (30.15)

988 (31.52)

 

 Less than high school

840 ( 3.15)

273 (4.28)

198 (3.19)

201 (2.82)

168 (2.53)

 

PIR, n (%)

 < 0.0001

 PIR < 1

2101 (11.53)

704 (16.91)

493 (10.41)

432 ( 8.53)

472 (11.23)

 

 1 <  = PIR <  = 3

5719 (36.81)

1552 (42.35)

1481 (40.21)

1385 (34.16)

1301 (32.05)

 

 PIR > 3

4466 (51.65)

817 (40.74)

1096 (49.38)

1254 (57.30)

1299 (56.72)

 

BMI (kg/m2)

29.63 ± 0.18

29.71 ± 0.22

29.51 ± 0.32

29.94 ± 0.19

29.36 ± 0.33

0.42

BMI categories, n (%)

0.02

 BMI < 25

3281 (27.49)

814 (29.33)

801 (27.07)

771 (23.79)

895 (30.05)

 

 25 <  = BMI < 30

3869 (31.04)

919 (28.37)

965 (30.66)

996 (34.23)

989 (30.34)

 

 BMI >  = 30

5136 (41.47)

1340 (42.30)

1304 (42.26)

1304 (41.99)

1188 (39.61)

 

Waist circumference (cm)

100.33 ± 0.46

100.10 ± 0.50

100.25 ± 0.83

101.20 ± 0.50

99.72 ± 0.75

0.21

LSM (kPa)

5.90 ± 0.07

6.08 ± 0.16

5.64 ± 0.08

5.77 ± 0.13

6.12 ± 0.12

 < 0.001

LSM categories, n (%)

0.79

  < 9.7

11,415 (93.65)

2855 (93.81)

2824 (94.02)

2864 (93.70)

2872 (93.15)

 

  >  = 9.7

871 (6.35)

218 (6.19)

246 (5.98)

207 (6.30)

200 (6.85)

 

CAP (dB/m)

263.34 ± 1.14

262.60 ± 1.79

265.64 ± 2.01

264.90 ± 1.83

260.35 ± 2.24

0.1

CAP categories, n (%)

0.24

  < 248

5161 (43.66)

1329 (44.96)

1227 (42.03)

1227 (41.97)

1378 (45.74)

 

  >  = 248

7125 (56.34)

1744 (55.04)

1843 (57.97)

1844 (58.03)

1694 (54.26)

 

Hypertension, n (%)

0.08

 Yes

4866 (34.90)

1264 (34.46)

1288 (37.60)

1195 (34.66)

1119 (33.11)

 

 No

7420 (65.10)

1809 (65.54)

1782 (62.40)

1876 (65.34)

1953 (66.89)

 

DM, n (%)

0.05

 DM

2421 (14.77)

669 (15.48)

693 (16.84)

558 (13.37)

501 (13.77)

 

 IFG

815 ( 7.24)

199 (6.23)

188 (6.18)

225 (8.56)

203 (7.65)

 

 No

9050 (78.00)

2205 (78.29)

2189 (76.98)

2288 (78.07)

2368 (78.58)

 

preDM, n (%)

0.02

 preDM

4500 (35.83)

1054 (31.23)

1082 (34.96)

1170 (38.71)

1194 (37.40)

 

 DM

2421 (14.77)

669 (15.48)

693 (16.84)

558 (13.37)

501 (13.77)

 

 No

5365 (49.40)

1350 (53.29)

1295 (48.20)

1343 (47.92)

1377 (48.84)

 

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

0.004

 Never

1336 ( 7.76)

416 (9.15)

346 (9.06)

286 (7.00)

288 (6.25)

 

 Mild

6320 (50.75)

1471 (47.07)

1656 (53.93)

1635 (52.74)

1558 (48.90)

 

 Moderate

2226 (19.91)

547 (19.80)

511 (18.16)

574 (20.91)

594 (20.56)

 

 Heavy

2404 (21.58)

639 (23.98)

557 (18.85)

576 (19.35)

632 (24.29)

 

Smoking status, n (%)

 < 0.0001

 Never

7250 (58.06)

1696 (50.98)

1827 (60.38)

1860 (61.96)

1867 (57.77)

 

 Past/current

5036 (41.94)

1377 (49.02)

1243 (39.62)

1211 (38.04)

1205 (42.23)

 

MASLD categories, n (%)

0.02

 Non-MASLD

5161 (43.66)

1329 (44.96)

1227 (42.03)

1227 (41.97)

1378 (45.74)

 

 MASLD

4176 (31.37)

977 (26.86)

1130 (34.89)

1075 (33.14)

994 (30.09)

 

 MetALD or other combination aetiology

2728 (23.07)

704 (25.37)

663 (21.55)

706 (22.99)

655 (22.64)

 

 Other specific aetiology SLD/Cryptogenic SLD

221 (1.91)

63 (2.81)

50 (1.53)

63 (1.90)

45 (1.53)

 
  1. Mean (± SD) of continuous variables: p-values calculated by weighted linear regression. Percentages for categorical variables: p-values calculated by weighted Wilcoxon rank sum test. Statistical significance is defined as p < 0.05.
  2. CDAI composite dietary antioxidant index, PIR family income-to-poverty ratio, BMI body mass index, LSM liver stiffness measurement, CAP controlled attenuation parameter, DM diabetes mellitus, preDM prediabetes, MASLD Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, MetALD MASLD and greater alcohol consumption, SLD steatotic liver disease.
Back to article page