Table 3 Beta (B), standard errors (SE), probability values (P) and standardised betas (β) for unadjusted and adjusted models on associations between prenatal demographic characteristics and parental stress Kenya rural study site.

From: Sociodemographic predictors of parenting stress among mothers in socio-economically deprived settings in rural and urban Kenya and Zambia

Variable

Level

Unadjusted

Adjusted

β

[95% CI]

p value

β

[95% CI]

p value

Income

Below USD 50

Reference

USD 50–100

− 0.428

[− 1.483, − 0.518]

 < 0.001***

− 0.403

[− 1.422, − 0.455]

 < 0.001***

Education

Primary and below

Reference

Secondary

− 0.262

[− 0.866, − 0.187]

0.01**

− 0.250

[− 0.838, − 0.667]

0.01**

Above secondary

− 0.053

[− 1.122, 0.560]

0.5

− 0.014

[− 0.922, 0.775]

0.5

Marital status

Single

Reference

Married

− 0.037

[− 0.555. 0.380]

0.7

− 0.043

[− 0.562, 0.357]

0.7

Mother age

Below 20 years

Reference

20–29

0.151

[− 0.241, 0.842]

0.3

0.136

[− 0.272, 0.813]

0.2

30–35

0.196

[− 0.155, 1.001]

0.1

0.183

[− 0.177, 0.967]

0.1

Above 35

0.064

[− 0.492, 0.980]

0.5

0.063

[− 0.483, 0.963]

0.5

Child age

 

− 0.017

[− 0.172, 0.138]

0.8

− 0.012

[− 0.166, 0.141]

0.8

Number of children aged < 5

1

Reference

2

− 0.022

[− 0.418, 0.320]

0.8

− 0.009

[− 0.384, 0.342]

0.9

3

0.077

[− 0.382, 1.123]

0.3

0.086

[− 0.329, 1.155]

0.2

  1. *Significant at P > .05. All the adjusted models were controlled for clustering. The Parental Stress Score tool ranges from 18 to 90, with a low score indicating a low parental stress level. Therefore, the B coefficients should be interpreted accordingly. Standardised betas (β) were additionally provided to allow for direct comparisons of effect sizes. *Significant at P < 0.05, **Significant at P < 0.01 and ***Significant at P < 0.001.
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