Table 5 External validation of the models.

`	0.85 < k < 1.15	0.85 < k′ < 1.15	R² \(\cong {1}\)	\({\text{R}}_{o}^{2}\cong {1}\)	R_m > 0.5	m < 0.1
CS
SVR	0.995	1.101	0.995	0.992	0.926	− 0.005
DT	0.984	1.007	0.998	0.995	0.948	0.003
AR	0.999	1.001	0.999	0.999	0.978	− 0.0005
SVR-FFA	0.987	1.006	0.997	0.994	0.913	− 0.004
SVR-PSO	0.986	1.012	0.995	0.996	0.943	− 0.004
SVR-GWO	0.999	1.000	0.999	0.999	0.989	− 0.0004
E
SVR	0.993	1.002	0.990	0.999	0.896	− 0.009
DT	0.988	1.004	0.999	0.999	0.946	− 0.00001
AR	0.998	1.001	0.999	0.999	0.999	0.00002
SVR-FFA	0.997	0.987	0.993	0.999	0.933	− 0.00001
SVR-PSO	0.997	0.989	0.994	0.999	0.954	− 0.0008
SVR-GWO	0.999	1.000	1.001	1.001	1.000	0.00001
STS
SVR	0.946	1.049	0.849	0.861	0.762	− 0.012
DT	0.978	1.009	0.966	0.994	0.803	− 0.029
AR	0.997	1.000	0.997	0.999	0.942	− 0.003
SVR-FFA	0.986	1.004	0.974	0.993	0.892	− 0.005
SVR-PSO	0.985	1.007	0.982	0.992	0.912	− 0.004
SVR-GWO	0.998	1.000	0.999	0.999	0.976	− 0.0002

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