Table 2 Changes in the quality of ES from 2005–2020.

From: Ecological space management and control zoning of Giant Panda National Park from the perspective of ecosystem services and land use

ES

2005

2010

2015

2020

2005–2010

2010–2015

2015–2020

2005–2020

carbon storage (\(\times\) 107t)

78.28

78.77

79.03

79.45

0.49

0.26

0.42

1.17

habitat quality

0.89

0.90

0.90

0.84

0.1

0

− 0.6

− 0.5

water conservation (bcm)

521.57

620.93

573.15

696.17

99.36

− 47.78

123.02

174.6

soil conservation (\(\times\) 109t)

37.49

40.82

41.75

43.71

3.33

0.93

1.96

6.22