Table 1 Baseline characteristics of all patients in the development group and external validation group.

From: Development and external validation of a predictive model for type 2 diabetic retinopathy

Variables

Development group (n = 2381)

Mean (SD)/N (%)

External validation group (n = 962)

Mean (SD)/N (%)

P

DR (%)

  

 < 0.001

 No

1318 (55.4%)

621 (64.6%)

 

 Yes

1063 (44.6%)

341 (36.4%)

 

Gender (%)

  

0.046

 M

1464 (61.5%)

627 (65.2%)

 

 F

917 (38.5%)

335 (34.8%)

 

Age (years)

57.268 (12.128)

57.279 (12.710)

0.981

WBC (*109)

7.184 (2.534)

7.032 (2.377)

0.11

Neutrophil (*109)

4.294 (2.110)

4.094 (1.979)

0.011

Eosinophil (*109)

0.167 (0.160)

0.197 (0.243)

 < 0.001

Lymphocyte (*109)

2.179 (0.799)

2.134 (0.711)

0.134

Hemoglobin (g/L)

137.521 (19.221)

140.088 (18.516)

 < 0.001

Platelet (*109)

226.510 (66.408)

231.289 (69.334)

0.063

TC (mmol/L)

4.252 (1.105)

4.125 (1.120)

0.003

HDL (mmol/L)

1.096 (0.344)

1.102 (0.340)

0.649

LDL (mmol/L)

2.719 (0.886)

2.625 (0.903)

0.006

DB (U/L)

3.474 (2.004)

3.738 (2.055)

 < 0.001

IB (U/L)

7.919 (4.535)

7.837 (4.994)

0.646

TB (U/L)

11.394 (5.553)

11.576 (6.194)

0.406

AST (U/L)

20.921 (13.054)

21.624 (15.943)

0.188

ALT (U/L)

25.193 (20.747)

27.401 (22.696)

0.007

BMI (kg/m2)

26.064 (3.801)

26.060 (3.680)

0.98

SBP (mmHg)

127.180 (16.108)

123.172 (17.958)

 < 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

76.784 (9.773)

73.681 (10.667)

 < 0.001

Duration of T2DM

8.424 (7.247)

8.027 (7.258)

0.152

Scr (μmol/L)

72.341 (30.847)

70.703 (30.127)

0.162

HbA1c (%)

8.781 (2.130)

8.839 (2.143)

0.476

GSP (%)

2.769 (0.682)

2.726 (0.747)

0.111

ApoA1 (g/L)

1.168 (0.247)

1.162 (0.264)

0.537

ApoB (g/L)

0.926 (0.283)

0.935 (0.295)

0.419

FBG (mmol/L)

8.746 (3.035)

8.812 (2.901)

0.565

TG (mmol/L)

2.333 (2.178)

2.327 (2.368)

0.938

BUN (mmol/L)

7.034 (16.196)

7.091 (16.574)

0.927

25(OH)D3 (ng/mL)

16.121 (7.372)

16.657(8.018)

0.064

Cys C (mg/L)

2.357 (0.842)

2.298 (0.801)

0.063

PBG (mmol/L)

18.047 (4.522)

17.874 (4.270)

0.310

Hcy (μmol/L)

12.891 (2.904)

13.109 (2.796)

0.047

BG (mmol/L)

12.576 (2.791)

11.871 (2.598)

0.648

  1. DR: diabetic retinopathy; M: male; F: female; WBC, white blood cell; TC: total cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; DB: direct bilirubin; IB: Indirect Bilirubin; TB: total bilirubin; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; Scr: serum creatinine; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; GSP: glycosylated serum protein; ApoA1: apolipoprotein A1; ApoB: apolipoprotein B; FBG: fasting blood glucose; TG: Triglyceride; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; 25(OH)D3: 25-hydroxyvitamin D3; Cys C: cystatin C; PBG: 2-h postprandial blood glucose; Hcy: homocysteine; BG: blood glucose.
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