Figure 2

PZT based picolitre monodisperse droplet printing principle. (a) Throughout one cycle of input RF signal, the droplet printing device transitions through steady, pumping, and pinch off to ultimately realize droplet generation. (b) By analyzing the Bode plot obtained from the impedance analysis of the PZT droplet printing device, it is possible to determine the resonance frequency of the PZT with a local peak. (c) As the diameter of the micropores in the metal sheet and the input frequency change, the value of the dimensionless surface tension parameter S also changes, and the critical conditions for droplet generation can be judged based on the distribution.