Table 5 Association Between Autism Trait Subscale Scores and Non-Participation in Parenting Behaviors.

From: Associations between paternal autism traits and parenting from the Japan environment and children’s study

 

Not preparing meals for the child and helping them eat

Not changing the child’s diapers and cleaning up the waste

Not bathing with the child

Not helping the child change clothes

Not playing with the child

Crude

Adjusted (n = 33,429)

Crude

Adjusted (n = 33,429)

Crude

Adjusted (n = 33,429)

Crude

Adjusted (n = 33,429)

Crude

Adjusted (n = 33,429)

OR [95% CI]

OR[95% CI]

OR [95% CI]

OR [95% CI]

OR [95% CI]

OR [95% CI]

OR [95% CI]

OR [95% CI]

OR [95% CI]

OR [95% CI]

Social skills (Reference category = 0)

1

0.97 [0.91, 1.03]

0.96 [0.90, 1.02]

0.92 [0.86, 0.98]

0.90 [0.85, 0.97]

1.03 [0.96, 1.12]

1.05 [0.97, 1.15]

0.95 [0.88, 1.01]

0.94 [0.87, 1.01]

1.00 [0.88, 1.14]

0.98 [0.84, 1.13]

2

0.95 [0.89, 1.01]

0.94 [0.88, 1.01]

0.85 [0.79, 0.91]

0.85 [0.79, 0.92]

1.01 [0.93, 1.10]

1.03 [0.94, 1.14]

0.94 [0.87, 1.01]

0.92 [0.85, 1.00]

1.06 [0.92, 1.23]

1.03 [0.88, 1.21]

3

0.95 [0.87, 1.05]

0.94 [0.84, 1.04]

0.80 [0.73, 0.89]

0.77 [0.69, 0.87]

1.06 [0.93, 1.20]

1.00 [0.87, 1.15]

0.96 [0.86, 1.07]

0.92 [0.81, 1.03]

1.21 [0.99, 1.48]

1.16 [0.93, 1.45]

Communication (Reference category = 0)

1

1.04 [0.98, 1.09]

1.04 [0.98, 1.10]

1.02 [0.97, 1.08]

1.00 [0.94, 1.06]

1.08 [1.01, 1.16]

1.06 [0.98, 1.14]

1.02 [0.96, 1.09]

1.01 [0.94, 1.08]

1.17 [1.04, 1.31]

1.16 [1.02, 1.31]

2

1.16 [1.06, 1.27]

1.16 [1.05, 1.29]

1.17 [1.07, 1.29]

1.15 [1.03, 1.28]

1.20 [1.06, 1.35]

1.17 [1.03, 1.34]

1.24 [1.12, 1.38]

1.22 [1.08, 1.37]

1.36 [1.12, 1.64]

1.16 [0.93, 1.44]

Imagination (Reference category = 0)

1

1.01 [0.93, 1.09]

0.99 [0.91, 1.08]

1.05 [0.96, 1.14]

1.07 [0.98, 1.17]

1.01 [0.91, 1.12]

1.01 [0.90, 1.13]

1.05 [0.95, 1.14]

1.06 [0.96, 1.17]

1.02 [0.86, 1.21]

0.97 [0.81, 1.17]

2

1.02 [0.95, 1.10]

1.02 [0.94, 1.11]

1.07 [0.98, 1.16]

1.10 [1.01, 1.20]

1.02 [0.92, 1.13]

1.02 [0.91, 1.14]

1.05 [0.96, 1.15]

1.05 [0.95, 1.16]

0.98 [0.83, 1.17]

0.91 [0.75, 1.09]

3

1.07 [0.98, 1.18]

1.06 [0.96, 1.18]

1.12 [1.01, 1.24]

1.16 [1.04, 1.30]

1.05 [0.92, 1.19]

1.04 [0.91, 1.20]

1.13 [1.01, 1.26]

1.12 [0.99, 1.27]

1.21 [0.98, 1.48]

1.08 [0.86, 1.35]

4

1.06 [0.90, 1.26]

1.06 [0.88, 1.27]

1.13 [0.95, 1.35]

1.16 [0.95, 1.41]

1.00 [0.80, 1.26]

1.05 [0.82, 1.34]

1.30 [1.08, 1.57]

1.24 [1.00, 1.53]

1.74 [1.27, 2.37]

1.67 [1.19, 2.34]

Attention-switching (Reference category = 0)

1

1.00 [0.95, 1.05]

1.01 [0.95, 1.07]

0.93 [0.88, 0.98]

0.93 [0.87, 0.99]

1.02 [0.95, 1.09]

1.02 [0.95, 1.11]

0.97 [0.91, 1.03]

0.97 [0.91, 1.04]

1.15 [1.03, 1.29]

1.14 [1.00, 1.29]

  1. CI Confidence interval; OR Odds ratio; ref Reference.
  2. Adjusted for fathers’ psychological distress, length of fathers’ workday, fathers’ education, and fathers’ age; mothers’ employment status and mothers’ psychological distress; and living with grandparents, marital status, household income, firstborn, sex of child, and presence of cognitive developmental delay (child).
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