Figure 2

Impact of different substrates on ALP activity and their interplay with siRNA of AOX1. Cells were cultivated in basic medium consisting of alpha-minimum essential medium (α-MEM; Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Thermo Fisher Scientific), 100 U ml⁻¹ penicillin and 100 μg ml⁻¹ streptomycin (P/S; Thermo Fisher Scientific). Transfections were done 1 day after seeding. And osteoinduction started 2 days after seeding with the addition of 5 nM retinal, 5 nM ATRA or 100 μM serotonin. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001; by two-way ANOVA test (A–C) and Brown–Forsythe and Welch ANOVA test (D–F). (A–C) Impact of retinal, retinoic acid (ATRA) and serotonin on ALP activity of PDLMSCs. (D–F) Interaction of retinal, ATRA and serotonin with siRNA of AOX1 on ALP activity of PDLMSCs (osteoinduction medium is ascorbic acid only). ABD osteoinduction with ascorbic acid, β-glycerophosphate and dexamethasone.