Table 4 Stratified regression analyses of the relationship between dietary live microbe intake and HOMA-IR values.

From: The relationship between dietary intake of live microbes and insulin resistance among healthy adults in the US: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2003–2020

Variable

Low dietary live microbe group

Medium dietary live microbe group

High dietary live microbe group

p for trend

P for interaction

Sex

 

0.24

 Female

Reference

− 0.42 (− 0.64, − 0.21)

− 0.45 (− 0.70, − 0.20)

 < 0.001*

 

 Male

Reference

− 0.26 (− 0.49, − 0.04)

− 0.58 (− 0.83, − 0.32)

 < 0.0001*

 

Race/Ethnicity

Reference

   

0.04*

 Mexican American

Reference

− 0.51 (− 0.74, − 0.28)

− 0.65 (− 0.91, − 0.40)

 < 0.0001*

 

 Non-Hispanic Black

Reference

− 0.34 (− 0.83,0.14)

− 0.47 (− 1.09,0.15)

0.12

 

 Non-Hispanic White

Reference

− 0.09 (− 0.50,0.32)

− 0.21 (− 0.71,0.29)

0.4

 

 Other Hispanic

Reference

− 0.26 (− 0.55,0.04)

0.18 (− 0.27,0.63)

0.88

 

 Other Race

Reference

− 0.03 (− 0.40, 0.35)

− 0.33 (− 0.64, − 0.02)

0.08

 

PIR

Reference

   

0.89

 < 1.2

Reference

− 0.32 (− 0.51, − 0.13)

− 0.51 (− 0.72, − 0.29)

 < 0.0001*

 

 ≥ 1.2

Reference

− 0.35 (− 0.64, − 0.07)

− 0.44 (− 0.78, − 0.10)

0.004*

 

Educational status

Reference

   

0.08

 < High school

Reference

0.19 (− 0.21,0.59)

0.18 (− 0.24,0.61)

0.28

 

 High school

Reference

− 0.43 (− 0.79, − 0.07)

− 0.57 (− 0.99, − 0.15)

0.004*

 

 > High school

Reference

− 0.38 (− 0.59, − 0.17)

− 0.57 (− 0.78, − 0.35)

 < 0.0001*

 

Current smoking

Reference

   

0.26

 No

Reference

− 0.35 (− 0.53, − 0.17)

− 0.59 (− 0.82, − 0.37)

 < 0.0001*

 

 Yes

Reference

− 0.42 (− 0.70, − 0.14)

− 0.35 (− 0.67, − 0.03)

0.01*

 

Recreational activity

Reference

   

0.16

 No

Reference

− 0.2 (− 0.43, 0.03)

− 0.31 (− 0.56, − 0.06)

0.01*

 

 Yes

Reference

− 0.42 (− 0.67, − 0.17)

− 0.62 (− 0.86, − 0.37)

 < 0.0001*

 

Obesity

Reference

   

0.36

 BMI < 30

Reference

− 0.2 (− 0.33, − 0.07)

− 0.29 (− 0.42, − 0.15)

 < 0.0001*

 

 BMI ≥ 30

Reference

− 0.3 (− 0.69, 0.09)

− 0.62 (− 1.09, − 0.16)

0.01*

 
  1. HOMA-IR the homeostasis model of insulin resistance, BMI body mass index, PIR family income-to-poverty ratio.
  2. *p value < 0.01.
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