Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort.
Non-DME (N = 5188) | DME (N = 126) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, median (IQR) | 65 (56–72) | 68 (58–75) | 0.01 |
Gender, females, n (%) | 2129 (41.0) | 41 (32.5) | 0.06 |
Right eye, n (%) | 2512 (48.4) | 61 (48.4) | 1 |
CV risk factors, n (%) | |||
Current smoker | 960 (18.5) | 17 (13.5) | 0.15 |
Hypertension | 3305 (63.7) | 88 (69.8) | 0.16 |
Dyslipidemia | 3517 (67.8) | 88 (69.8) | 0.63 |
Acute myocardial infarction | 616 (11.9) | 26 (20.6) | 0.003 |
Stroke | 31 (0.60) | 1 (0.79) | 0.78 |
Type of diabetes, n (%): | |||
1 | 443 (8.57) | 6 (4.76) | 0.13 |
2 | 4728 (91.4) | 120 (95.2) | |
Duration of diabetes, n (%): | |||
≤ 15 years | 3710 (72.7) | 67 (53.6) | < 0.001 |
> 15 years | 1392 (27.3) | 58 (46.4) | |
BCVA, Snellen decimal, n (%): | |||
≤ 0.5 | 790 (15.2) | 46 (36.5) | < 0.001 |
> 0.5 | 4398 (84.8) | 80 (63.5) | |
Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) | |||
No abnormalities | 4147 (80.0) | 12 (9.52) | < 0.001 |
Mild non-proliferative | 593 (11.4) | 19 (15.1) | |
Moderate non-proliferative | 340 (6.56) | 63 (50.0) | |
Severe non-proliferative | 18 (0.35) | 19 (15.1) | |
Proliferative* | 26 (0.50) | 12 (9.52) | |
Ungradable | 64 (1.23) | 1 (0.79) | |
Other retinal pathologies, n (%): | |||
Age-related macular degeneration | 175 (3.37) | 1 (0.79) | 0.13 |
Severe myopia | 33 (0.64) | – | – |
Epiretinal membranes | 50 (0.96) | 7 (5.56) | < 0.001 |
Grade of DME, n (%): | |||
Mild | – | 77 (61.1) | |
Moderate | – | 23 (18.3) | |
Severe | – | 23 (18.3) | |
Not recorded | – | 3 (2.38) | - |
Pupil dilation, n (%) | 662 (12.8) | 29 (23.0) | 0.001 |
Macular scars, n (%) | 51 (0.98) | 5 (3.97) | 0.01 |
Corneal and vitreal opacities, n (%) | 28 (0.54) | – | – |
Scans with artifacts, n (%): | 39 (0.75) | 1 (0.79) | 0.62 |
Screening visits, n (%): | |||
1 | 3553 (68.5) | 120 (95.2) | < 0.001 |
2 | 1298 (25.0) | 6 (4.76) | < 0.001 |
3 | 309 (5.96) | – | – |
4 | 28 (0.54) | – | – |
OCT measurements, median (IQR) | |||
Quality of image, TopQ | 48.3 (42.0–53.8) | 43.8 (37.9–49.9) | < 0.001 |
Macular volume, mm3 | 7.45 (7.18–7.71) | 7.89 (7.57–8.39) | < 0.001 |
CST, µm | 201.0 (184.0–224.0) | 262.5 (218.0–316.0) | < 0.001 |
Center macula, µm | 237.8 (222.4–254.0) | 284.8 (254.9–329.3) | < 0.001 |
Temporal inner macula, µm | 285.0 (273.5–295.9) | 305.5 (285.3–331.6) | < 0.001 |
Superior inner macula, µm | 296.6 (284.9–307.9) | 311.2 (295.5–334.4) | < 0.001 |
Nasal inner macula, µm | 298.9 (286.7–310.2) | 315.9 (301.0–336.2) | < 0.001 |
Inferior inner macula, µm | 292.3 (280.3–304.4) | 309.9 (291.4–337.1) | < 0.001 |
Temporal outer macula, µm | 244.2 (234.0–254.1) | 259.2 (244.2–277.9) | < 0.001 |
Superior outer macula, µm | 254.9 (244.2–264.7) | 266.0 (252.8–284.6) | < 0.001 |
Nasal outer macula, µm | 271.9 (260.5–282.6) | 280.4 (270.1 –302.8) | < 0.001 |
Inferior outer macula, µm | 252.7 (242.1–263.5) | 265.7 (252.8–286.5) | < 0.001 |
