Table 2 Demographic characteristics and Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test (RCFT) results compared between participants with normal and impaired executive function, as measured by the organization T score, and between participants with normal and impaired visuospatial memory, as measured by the immediate recall T score.

From: Development of an eye-tracking system based on a deep learning model to assess executive function in patients with mental illnesses

Grouped by organization T score

Normal (N = 385)

Impaired (N = 23)

Statistical analysisa

χ2 or T or F

P

Sex (male/female)

222/163

8/15

4.620

0.032*

Handedness (right/left)

346/17

19/2

0.989

0.279

Glasses (yes/no)

173/201

9/13

0.202

0.653

Age (years)

24.2 ± 5.1

24.1 ± 4.4

0.107

0.915

Education (years)

14.3 ± 2.1

13.4 ± 2.4

1.445

0.149

IQ

111.0 ± 14.8

93.3 ± 25.2

2.801

0.013*

Organization T score

60.5 ± 7.7

27.9 ± 6.9

249.031

 < 0.001**

Organization total score

6.8 ± 1.3

4.3 ± 1.8

50.382

 < 0.001**

 Fragmentation score

3.6 ± 0.5

3.3 ± 0.5

4.301

0.039*

 Planning score

3.4 ± 0.8

1.1 ± 1.5

102.373

 < 0.001**

Diagnostic groupb

 FEP

80 (20.8)

16 (69.6)

–

–

 CHR

47 (12.2)

2 (8.7)

–

–

 OCD

101 (26.2)

3 (13.0)

–

–

 HC

157 (40.8)

2 (8.7)

–

–

Grouped by immediate recall T score

Normal (N = 381)

Impaired (N = 27)

  

Sex (male/female)

217/164

13/14

0.795

0.373

Handedness (right/left)

340/17

25/2

0.374

0.634

Glasses (yes/no)

174/205

10/15

0.330

0.565

Age (years)

24.1 ± 5.1

25.5 ± 5.2

− 1.398

0.163

Education (years)

14.3 ± 2.1

13.8 ± 1.9

0.920

0.358

IQ

111.6 ± 14.6

89.7 ± 19.0

6.832

 < 0.001**

Immediate recall time (s)

108.1 ± 45.2

95.3 ± 54.5

2.073

0.151

Immediate recall T score

58.9 ± 9.5

32.9 ± 10.4

87.960

 < 0.001**

Immediate recall total score

14.8 ± 2.6

5.9 ± 2.0

200.415

 < 0.001**

 Configural presence score

3.9 ± 0.4

2.1 ± 0.8

242.611

 < 0.001**

 Configural accuracy score

3.0 ± 0.8

1.3 ± 1.2

70.500

 < 0.001**

 Cluster presence score

3.3 ± 0.8

1.5 ± 0.7

89.203

 < 0.001**

 Cluster accuracy score

2.3 ± 1.0

0.4 ± 0.8

52.323

 < 0.001**

 Detail presence score

2.4 ± 1.1

0.6 ± 0.5

39.270

 < 0.001**

Diagnostic groupb

 FEP

81 (21.3)

15 (55.6)

–

–

 CHR

46 (12.1)

3 (11.1)

–

–

 OCD

96 (25.2)

8 (29.6)

–

–

 HC

158 (41.5)

1 (3.70)

–

–

  1. aIndependent t test or Welch's t test if the variances were not equal, analysis of covariance with IQ and/or sex as covariates, and χ2 analysis or Fisher's exact test for categorical data.
  2. bNumber (percentage) of patients who were diagnosed with each psychiatric disorder and healthy controls.
  3. The data are presented as the means ± standard deviations. *The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. **The mean difference is significant at the 0.005 level.
  4. IQ intelligence quotient, FEP first-episode psychosis, CHR clinical high risk for psychosis, OCD obsessive‒compulsive disorder, HC healthy control.
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