Table 3 The details of the dataset.

From: Defect monitoring method for Al-CFRTP UFSW based on BWO–VMD–HHT and ResNet

The zone of welding

Truth label

One-hot code

Number of samples

Unwelded

1

0000001

20 k

Pin tool plugin and lifting

2

0000010

20 k

Normal weld

3

0000100

20 k

Surface crack defect

4

0001000

20 k

Shallow hole defects

5

0010000

20 k

Deep hole defects (with surface cracks)

6

0100000

20 k

Deep hole defects (without surface defects)

7

1000000

20 k