Table 1 Data sources.

The land use data

Professors Yang Jie and Huang Xin⁵¹ from Wuhan University have published the spatial resolution of 30m land cover data of China in “Earth System Science Data,” which can be accessed through https://zenodo.org. This comprehensive dataset is likely valuable for various applications, such as environmental monitoring, land use planning, and ecological research, which require high-resolution and accurate land cover information

DEM data

The General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) releases global ocean depth and land elevation data with a spatial resolution of 500 m. The 2022 version of this dataset can be accessed at https://www.gebco.net. This information is critical for a wide range of scientific and practical applications, including oceanographic studies, navigation, and environmental management

NDVI data、Average annual rainfall data, Average annual temperature data

National Earth System Science Data Center, National Science & Technology Infrastructure of China (http://www.geodata.cn)

NPP data

The MOD17A3 product provided by MODIS features an annual temporal resolution and a spatial resolution of 500 m

Population density data

The WorldPop project (https://hub.worldpop.org) offers long-term time series population density data for China with a spatial resolution of 1 km

The nighttime light data

Zhong Xiaoya et al. (2022) published a dataset on long-term time series of night-time light with a spatial resolution of 1 km for China in the "Global Change Data Repository" (http://www.geodoi.ac.cn)

Annual prices of agricultural products data

"China Agricultural Products Price Survey Yearbook"

The sown area and production of major crops data

Statistical Yearbooks of Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Jiangsu Province, and Anhui Province