Table 2 Comparison of mean values in sound parameters between PD and control patients.
Acoustic parameter | Sex | Male | Female | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | Control | PD | Control | PD | |||||||||
Syllable | n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | t | P | n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | t | P | |
Start f0 (Hz) | Single | 133 | 178.64 ± 89.33 | 180 | 169.48 ± 70.82 | 1.012 | 0.312 | 180 | 168.92 ± 83.82 | 154 | 153.63 ± 74.62 | 1.747 | 0.082 |
Double | 87 | 186.59 ± 91.92 | 120 | 174.54 ± 76.67 | 1.026 | 0.306 | 120 | 173.88 ± 84.72 | 104 | 167.17 ± 78.93 | 0.610 | 0.543 | |
Multiple | 64 | 179.40 ± 94.64 | 90 | 179.62 ± 84.26 | − 0.015 | 0.988 | 90 | 175.35 ± 86.75 | 78 | 165.94 ± 83.08 | 0.715 | 0.475 | |
Mean f0 (Hz) | Single | 133 | 170.29 ± 23.13* | 180 | 164.81 ± 23.83* | 2.035 | 0.043 | 180 | 165.8 ± 24.57 | 154 | 167.62 ± 20.55 | − 0.728 | 0.467 |
Double | 87 | 169.27 ± 22.44 | 120 | 166.22 ± 23.87 | 0.929 | 0.354 | 120 | 168.13 ± 20.36 | 104 | 168.68 ± 21.3 | − 0.200 | 0.842 | |
Multiple | 64 | 172.65 ± 22.98 | 90 | 171.04 ± 23.5 | 0.423 | 0.673 | 90 | 167.92 ± 18.68 | 78 | 172.84 ± 21.34 | − 1.596 | 0.112 | |
Mid f0 (Hz) | Single | 133 | 163.85 ± 81.68 | 180 | 166.96 ± 78.15 | − 0.341 | 0.733 | 180 | 172.75 ± 81.78 | 154 | 168.26 ± 85.88 | 0.489 | 0.625 |
Double | 87 | 167.43 ± 71.58 | 120 | 170.83 ± 82.39 | − 0.31 | 0.757 | 120 | 172.58 ± 68.59 | 104 | 185.4 ± 71.9 | − 1.364 | 0.174 | |
Multiple | 64 | 175.67 ± 65.49 | 90 | 180.34 ± 78.23 | − 0.391 | 0.697 | 90 | 184.87 ± 82.95 | 78 | 181.67 ± 67.19 | 0.271 | 0.786 | |
Min f0 (Hz) | Single | 133 | 50.24 ± 0.50 | 180 | 50.24 ± 0.51 | 0.082 | 0.935 | 180 | 50.20 ± 0.52* | 154 | 50.09 ± 0.23* | 2.437 | 0.015 |
Double | 87 | 50.15 ± 0.35* | 120 | 50.31 ± 0.53* | − 2.402 | 0.017 | 120 | 50.25 ± 0.64* | 104 | 50.09 ± 0.20* | 2.464 | 0.014 | |
Multiple | 64 | 50.38 ± 0.73* | 90 | 50.18 ± 0.33* | 2.210 | 0.029 | 90 | 50.24 ± 0.60 | 78 | 50.12 ± 0.30 | 1.589 | 0.114 | |
Max f0 (Hz) | Single | 133 | 395.18 ± 12.38* | 180 | 389.27 ± 17.51* | 3.327 | 0.001 | 180 | 388.81 ± 21.00* | 154 | 393.80 ± 11.04* | − 2.653 | 0.008 |
Double | 87 | 393.91 ± 12.50* | 120 | 386.73 ± 17.90* | 3.216 | 0.002 | 120 | 390.89 ± 16.34 | 104 | 391.34 ± 14.22 | − 0.222 | 0.825 | |
Multiple | 64 | 397.76 ± 7.32* | 90 | 390.92 ± 15.82* | 3.218 | 0.002 | 90 | 395.40 ± 10.99 | 78 | 393.67 ± 12.36 | 0.959 | 0.339 | |
End f0 (Hz) | Single | 133 | 246.33 ± 102.11 | 180 | 244.25 ± 98.7 | 0.182 | 0.856 | 180 | 239.21 ± 95.14* | 154 | 273.15 ± 90.38* | − 3.325 | 0.001 |
Double | 87 | 243.06 ± 100.86 | 120 | 247.46 ± 100.88 | − 0.310 | 0.757 | 120 | 241.52 ± 100.82* | 104 | 268.31 ± 97.19* | − 2.017 | 0.045 | |
Multiple | 64 | 232.86 ± 93.12 | 90 | 248.65 ± 106.8 | − 0.953 | 0.342 | 90 | 252.59 ± 87.49 | 78 | 277.14 ± 92.6 | − 1.766 | 0.079 | |
Slope M-E (Hz/s) | Single | 131 | − 104,311.52 ± 396,649.63 | 173 | − 92,991.59 ± 258,141.83 | − 0.301 | 0.764 | 179 | − 65,088.06 ± 174,637.86 | 151 | − 103,680.7 ± 402,912.44 | 1.159 | 0.247 |
Double | 86 | − 189,942.18 ± 565,674.53 | 118 | − 311,437.95 ± 920,745.92 | 1.083 | 0.280 | 119 | − 182,311.76 ± 748,104.78 | 103 | − 95,433.15 ± 274,063.43 | − 1.115 | 0.266 | |
Multiple | 64 | − 94,861.61 ± 388,677.88 | 90 | − 162,047.38 ± 432,150.88 | 0.991 | 0.323 | 89 | − 79,175.53 ± 324,979.16 | 77 | − 55,075.06 ± 171,983.45 | − 0.584 | 0.560 | |
Slope S-M (Hz/s) | Single | 130 | − 5,132.11 ± 469,415.76 | 178 | − 10,348.38 ± 242,847.61 | 0.127 | 0.899 | 173 | − 42,172.1 ± 325,913.7* | 154 | 32,581.48 ± 338,176.18* | − 2.034 | 0.043 |
Double | 85 | 5,179.32 ± 54,268.93 | 119 | 45,252.06 ± 377,235.86 | − 0.972 | 0.332 | 119 | − 33,834.21 ± 980,782.41 | 104 | 10,345.3 ± 72,610.16 | − 0.458 | 0.647 | |
Multiple | 63 | 25,357.42 ± 197,497.6 | 89 | 424.63 ± 27,987.22 | 1.176 | 0.241 | 86 | 95,398.45 ± 838,470.75 | 77 | 4,385.96 ± 50,836.81 | 0.951 | 0.343 | |
Median f0 (Hz) | Single | 133 | 157.99 ± 30.27 | 180 | 158.4 ± 37.09 | − 0.105 | 0.917 | 180 | 155.72 ± 37.01 | 154 | 159.53 ± 41.65 | − 0.885 | 0.377 |
Double | 87 | 154.37 ± 25.56 | 120 | 161.57 ± 34.27 | − 1.654 | 0.100 | 120 | 160.2 ± 31.1 | 104 | 167.9 ± 38.21 | − 1.663 | 0.098 | |
Multiple | 64 | 156.52 ± 31.76 | 90 | 166.57 ± 34.01 | − 1.859 | 0.065 | 90 | 157.52 ± 30.64* | 78 | 170.76 ± 37.14* | − 2.531 | 0.012 | |
Duration (s) | Single | 133 | 5.80 ± 0.77 | 180 | 5.67 ± 0.59 | 1.775 | 0.077 | 180 | 5.79 ± 0.96 | 154 | 5.96 ± 0.69 | − 1.844 | 0.066 |
Double | 87 | 6.24 ± 0.61* | 120 | 5.90 ± 0.63* | 3.897 | 0.000 | 120 | 6.15 ± 1.06 | 104 | 6.39 ± 0.82 | − 1.916 | 0.057 | |
Multiple | 64 | 6.34 ± 1.15* | 90 | 5.98 ± 0.93* | 2.095 | 0.038 | 90 | 6.33 ± 1.34 | 78 | 6.29 ± 1.17 | 0.162 | 0.871 | |
HNR (Hz) | Single | 133 | − 5.93 ± 2.65 | 180 | − 5.63 ± 2.64 | − 0.976 | 0.330 | 180 | − 5.81 ± 2.55 | 154 | − 5.57 ± 2.92 | − 0.794 | 0.428 |
Double | 87 | − 5.92 ± 3.25 | 120 | − 5.09 ± 3.41 | − 1.779 | 0.077 | 120 | − 5.38 ± 2.83 | 104 | − 5.66 ± 2.39 | 0.792 | 0.429 | |
Multiple | 64 | − 5.51 ± 2.93 | 90 | − 5.39 ± 3.05 | − 0.247 | 0.805 | 90 | − 5.61 ± 2.70 | 78 | − 5.63 ± 2.85 | 0.048 | 0.962 | |
Jitter | Single | 133 | 2.62E−03 ± 5.44E−04 | 180 | 2.51E−03 ± 4.46E−04 | 1.886 | 0.060 | 180 | 2.65E−03 ± 5.71E−04 | 154 | 2.68E−03 ± 3.82E−04 | − 0.579 | 0.563 |
Double | 87 | 2.55E−03 ± 5.61E−04* | 120 | 2.36E−03 ± 4.37E−04* | 2.637 | 0.009 | 120 | 2.48E−03 ± 5.02E−04 | 104 | 2.48E−03 ± 3.23E−04 | 0.031 | 0.975 | |
Multiple | 64 | 2.54E−03 ± 5.93E−04 | 90 | 2.44E−03 ± 5.25E−04 | 1.045 | 0.298 | 90 | 2.58E−03 ± 5.03E−04 | 78 | 2.53E−03 ± 4.56E−04 | 0.722 | 0.472 |