Table 2 Multivariable logistic regression analysis showing the factors associated with mortality including effect of each wave.

From: Risk factors for mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients across five waves in Pakistan

Parameters

Adjusted odds ratio

95% confidence interval

p value

Age >  = 60 years

2.45

1.95–3.09

< 0.001

Steroids use

4.14

2.59–6.62

< 0.001

Enoxaparin use

0.45

0.35–0.60

< 0.001

ARDS

22.98

15.28–34.55

< 0.001

Acute kidney injury

3.05

2.38–3.91

< 0.001

Pulmonary embolism

2.07

1.28–3.35

0.003

Stroke

2.4

1.26–4.60

0.008

Mechanical ventilation

6.81

5.13–9.05

< 0.001

Effect of each wave

Wave 5 (Omicron)

Reference

Wave 1 (Pre-VOC)

0.8

0.50–1.28

0.352

Post-wave 1

0.81

0.44–1.50

0.508

Wave 2 (Pre-VOC)

1.1

0.71–1.72

0.67

Post-wave 2

1.35

0.76–2.38

0.302

Wave 3 (Alpha)

0.95

0.57–1.60

0.851

Post wave 3

1.66

0.86–3.19

0.13

Wave 4 (Delta)

2.22

1.39–3.56

0.001

Post-wave 4

2.82

1.37–5.80

0.005

Post-wave 5

3.94

0.92–16.90

0.065

Mechanical ventilation * ARDS

0.21

0.13–0.35

 < 0.001

  1. CI Confidence Interval, ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
  2. Reference categories are omitted for binary variables. Pre-VOC = Pre- Variants of Concern.
  3. Interaction term (Mechanical Ventilation*ARDS).
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