Fig. 3

3D reconstructions of the chondrocranium of Smilisca phaeota larvae highlighting the cartilaginous development of the (a) mandibular arch derivatives, (b) hyoid arch derivatives, and (c) the derivatives of the branchial arches I–IV. The 3D reconstructions are color‐coded, according to the distinct stage of cartilaginous development: “Light gray” indicates Anlagen are visible as mesenchymal cell clusters. Early chondrification processes are indicated in “light blue” signifying that condensed precartilaginous cell clusters containing chondroblasts are visible. Later differentiation processes resulting in cartilages with distinct chondrocytes and perichondrium are indicated in “dark blue”. Sizes were adjusted. Abbreviations: acch, articular condyle of ceratohyal; apch, anterior process of ceratohyal; cbI‐IV, ceratobranchial I–IV; hp, hypobranchial plate; ir, infrarostral cartilage; lpch, lateral process of ceratohyal; mc, Meckel's cartilage; ppsc, posterior process of suprarostral cartilage; rpmc, retroarticular process of Meckel´s cartilage; sa, suprarostral ala; sc, suprarostral corpus, tcI-III, terminal commissure I–III.