Table 3 Sequence of development of pharyngeal arches (PAs) 1–6 and Neurocranium (NC).

From: The larval chondrocranium and its development in Smilisca phaeota with considerations of patterns characteristic for the chondrocranial development of Lalagobatrachia

  1. Structures in the same box represent simultaneous appearances. The branchial arches (BAs) are marked by the development of the ceratobranchialia, the mandibular (MA) and hyoid arch (HA) are marked by the first appearance of any part of the arch. Gray scale: (light gray) mesenchymal structures are visible as condensed cell clusters; (middle gray) chondroblasts form condensed precartilaginous cell clusters; and (black) chondrocytes rich in cytoplasm and bordered by a perichondrium. Abbreviations: MA—1st PA = Mandibular arch, HA—2nd PA = Hyoid arch, BA1 (Branchial arch 1)—3rd PA (Pharyngeal arch), BA2—4th PA, BA3—5th PA, BA4—6th PA, NC—Neurocranium.
  2. Abbreviations related to the arches:
  3. MA: MC—Meckel’s cartilage, PQ—palatoquadrate, QCC—quadratocranial commissure, MP—muscular process, AsP—ascending process, SC—suprarostral cartilage, SA—suprarostral alae, SB—subocular bar.
  4. HA: CH—ceratohyal, LP—lateral process, AP—anterior process, PP—posterior process.
  5. NC: OT—otic capsule, TH—trabecular horns, EP- ethmoid plate, PC—parachordal cartilage, MTT—marginal tectal taenia.
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