Fig. 1
Morphine promotes the proliferation and migration of A549 and LLC cells. (a) A549 and LLC cells were incubated with different concentrations of morphine. A significant increase in the percentage of viable cells was observed at a concentration of 10 µM morphine. (b) Proliferation was assessed by an EdU assay after A549 cells were preincubated with normal medium or 10 µM morphine for 48 h. Scale bar = 500 µm. (c) Representative images of A549 cell colony formation after treatment with 10 µM morphine for 7 days. (d) In the scratch wound healing assay, confluent A549 cells were preincubated with either 0 µM or 10 µM morphine for 48 h. Wound closure progress was monitored at 0, 24, and 48 h. (e) In the Transwell invasion assay of A549 and LLC cells, a notable increase in the number of invading cells was observed in the 10 µM morphine group compared with the control group. Representative images depict A549 cell colony formation after treatment with either normal medium or 10 µM morphine for 7 days. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001).
