Fig. 1

Study area (showing the major ecosystem types in China’s Yellow River Basin in 2020). The map was created by the authors using ArcGIS Pro 3.1 (https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-pro/).

Study area (showing the major ecosystem types in China’s Yellow River Basin in 2020). The map was created by the authors using ArcGIS Pro 3.1 (https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-pro/).