Table 1 Classification of ecological degradation and restoration types.
Ecosystem degradation | Ecosystem restoration | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Land urbanization | Farmland→urban | Returning farmland | Farmland→forest |
Wetland→urban | Farmland→grassland | ||
Grassland→urban | Farmland→wetland | ||
Forest→urban | Farmland→shrubland | ||
Shrubland→urban | Farmland→other lands | ||
Other lands→urban | Afforestation | Shrubland→forest | |
Cultivated land reclamation | Grassland→farmland | Grassland→forest | |
Urban→farmland | Urban→forest | ||
Wetland→farmland | Other lands→forest | ||
Forest→farmland | Vegetation restoration | Grassland→shrubland | |
Shrubland→farmland | Urban→grassland | ||
Deforestation | Forest→shrubland | Other lands→grassland | |
Forest→grassland | Other lands→shrubland | ||
Forest→other lands | Urban→shrubland | ||
Vegetation destruction | Shrubland→grassland | Wetland restoration | Urban→wetland |
Grassland→other lands | Grassland→wetland | ||
Shrubland→other lands | Forest→wetland | ||
Wetland atrophy | Wetland→grassland | Other lands→wetland | |
Wetland→other lands | Shrubland→wetland | ||
Wetland→forest | Cultivated land reclamation | Other lands→farmland | |
Wetland→shrubland | Natural ecosystem restoration | Urban→other lands | |
