Table 1 Summary of existing methods.

From: A privacy-preserving expert system for collaborative medical diagnosis across multiple institutions using federated learning

Method

Reference

Privacy preservation approach

Outcomes

Expert system using federated learning

 MABC-SVM for HSP

15

Decentralized aggregation

Optimal feature selection and classification of heart disease

 Federated Matched Averaging for HSP

16

Federated learning to enhance data privacy

Detect COVID-19 from a single chest X-ray image within seconds, while ensuring data privacy

 FLIDS-BSAFSC

17

Decentralized training to reduce privacy risks

Classify, detect, and defend against attacks in IoT datasets

 Decentralized FL (DFL)

18

Decentralized model aggregation

Minimizes dependency on a central entity, allowing flexible training across diverse federations of devices

Privacy preservation based expert system

 Privacy-preservation signaling game

19

Signaling Q-learning algorithm to secure data

Achieves convergent equilibrium and practical game parameters, protecting data in edge-computing-based IoT networks

 ISD-k-ADP

20

Sensitivity Drift-based k-Anonymized Data Perturbation Scheme

Facilitates hiding EHR data with controlled noise, enabling effective and efficient classification through Two Stage Bagging Pruning based Ensemble

 Blockchain-based Authentication

21

Blockchain for identity storage and three-factor authentication with Chebyshev chaotic map

Ensures secure user login and authentication

 Improved Matrix Factorization (IMFPM)

22

Piecewise Mechanism (PM) with random projection technology

Protects privacy of rating values and item sets, while reducing the influence of privacy noise on estimation error