Fig. 3

Distributional shifts in plant species by elevation, latitude, and longitude under SSP scenarios. The figures show shifts in (a) elevation, (b) latitude, and (c) longitude for endemic plant species under SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios across four time periods (current, 2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100). Each point represents the mean value, with error bars indicating the standard error.