Fig. 2

Spatial pattern of landscape ecological risk in 2000 (a), 2010 (b), 2020 (c) and the mean value of landscape ecological risk index (ERI) in different regions (d) (Software: ArcMap 10.6, http://www.esri.com). Notes: Low (L), Sub-low (SL), Middle (M), Sub-high (SH), High (H); The drylands of the Yellow River Basin (YRBD), the Tibetan Plateau (TP), the Inner Mongolia Plateau (IMP) and the Loess Plateau (LP).