Fig. 3

Spatial pattern of landscape ecological risk changes from 2000 to 2010 (a), 2010 to 2020 (b), 2000 to 2020 (c) and the percentage of area for each landscape ecological risk change class in different regions (d) (Software: ArcMap 10.6, http://www.esri.com). Notes: The drylands of the Yellow River Basin (YRBD), the Tibetan Plateau (TP), the Inner Mongolia Plateau (IMP) and the Loess Plateau (LP).