Fig. 3

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in the “low-functioning” subgroup: MOXO scores of attention, timing, hyperactivity and impulsivity in the low-functioning subjects treated with probiotics (blue columns; n = 24) or placebo (orange columns; n = 21) for three months. Light colors represent baseline scores, and dark colors represent post-intervention scores. BL = Baseline. Results are presented as mean ± SE. **p < 0.01 (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).