Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.
Study characteristics | Population characteristics at baseline | Outcome | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Authors and year | Country | Age | Sample size [n (% male)] | Cancer-type | Time period | Method | Baseline (mean ± SD) | Follow-up (mean ± SD) | |
Randomized Controlled Trials [n = 14] | |||||||||
Adams et al. 201834 | Canada | 43.7 ± 10.8 | 63 (100% male) Walking: 35 CG: 28 | Testicular cancer | After cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Walking: 32.5 ± 5.5 CG: 36.0 ± 4.8 | Walking: 34.5 ± 4.1 CG: 35.0 ± 5.0 | |
Boing et al. 202335 | Brazil | 18 years or older | 52 (100% female) Pilates: 18 Belly: 18 CG:16 | Breast cancer | After cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Pilates: 30.2 ± 1.1 Belly dance: 32 ± 1.4 CG: 30.1 ± 1.7 | Pilates: 32.6 ± 1.2 Belly dance: 33 ± 0.9 CG: 32 ± 1.1 | |
USA | 35–75 | 50 (100% female) Sports/recreational activities: 25 CG: 25 | Breast cancer | During cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Sports/recreational activities: 34.8 ± 4.2 CG: 35.2 ± 3.8 | Sports/recreational activities: 34.3 ± 4.9 CG: 34.5 ± 3.6 | ||
USA | 40–75 | 74 (100% female) Sports/recreational activities: 37 CG: 37 | Breast cancer | After cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Sports/recreational activities: 34.2 ± 5.5 CG: 33.2 ± 5.7 | Sports/recreational activities: 34.5 ± 5.2 CG: 33.4 ± 5.9 | ||
Courneya et al. 200737 | Canada | 25–78 (Mean 49 years) | 242 (100% female) Resistance training: 82 Aerobic physical activity: 78 CG: 82 | Breast cancer | During cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Resistance training: 34.1 ± 4.2 Aerobic physical activity: 34.0 ± 5.1 CG: 34.1 ± 4.6 | Resistance training: 34.7 ± 4.2 Aerobic physical activity: 34.5 ± 5.1 CG: 33.2 ± 5.5 | |
Fretta et al. 202138 | Brazil | 55.3 ± 11 | 34 (100% female) Pilates: 18 CG: 16 | Breast cancer | After cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Pilates: 30.4 ± 5.1 CG: 30.5 ± 6.6 | Pilates: 35.1 ± 3.8 CG: 33.1 ± 4.3 | |
Gokal et al. 201639 | UK | 18–75 | 50 (100% female) Walking: 25 CG: 25 | Breast cancer | During cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Walking: 21.7 ± 4.4 CG: 20.4 ± 4.9 | Walking: 23.8 ± 4.6 CG: 19.5 ± 4.2 | |
Kovačič et al. 201124 | Slovenia | ≥ 40 | 32 (100% female) Yoga: 16 CG: 16 | Breast cancer | During cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Yoga: 21.3 ± 1.3 CG: 21.2 ± 1.4 | Yoga: 23.7 ± 1.1 CG: 21.2 ± 1.7 | |
Leite et al. 202125 | Brazil | 55 ± 10 | 52 (100% female) Belly dance: 18 Mat Pilates: 18 CG: 16 | Breast cancer | After cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Belly dance: 32.1 ± 1.3 Mat Pilates: 30.4 ± 1.2 CG: 31.9 ± 1.4 | Belly dance: 33.3 ± 1.0 Mat Pilates:32.7 ± 1.0 CG: 32.2 ± 1.1 | |
Musanti 201240 | USA | 50.5 ± 7.5 | 55 (100% female) Aerobic physical activity: 12 Resistance training: 17 Combined physical activity: 13 CG*: 13 | Breast cancer | After cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Aerobic physical activity: 23 ± 6.6 Resistance training: 25.3 ± 3.2 Combined physical activity: 24.4 ± 4.8 CG*: 25.7 ± 4.0 | Aerobic physical activity: 21.7 ± 4.4 Resistance training: 26.4 ± 2.6 Combined physical activity: 23.6 ± 1.2 CG*: 26.3 ± 3.9 | |
Rastogi et al. 202041 | USA | 54.4 ± 11.2 | 48 (96% female) Combined physical activity: 26 CG: 22 | Breast and colorectal cancer | After cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Combined physical activity: 22.6 ± 3.4 CG: 20.2 ± 3.7 | Combined physical activity: 23 ± 4.2 CG: 20.2 ± 4.7 | |
Saultier et al. 202123 | France | 10.4 ± 0.5 | 70 (42.5% female) Combined physical activity: 37 CG :33 | Various cancer types | During cancer treatment | Self-esteem with the “Physical Self-Inventory—Very Short Form” (PSI-VSF) | Combined physical activity: 4.4 ± 0.2 CG: 4.6 ± 0.1 | Combined physical activity: 5.0 ± 0.1 CG: 4.8 ± 0.1 | |
Van Dijk-Lokkart et al. 201642 | Netherlands | 8–18 | 68 (46.7% female) Combined physical activity:30 CG: 38 | Various cancer types | During cancer treatment | Global Self-worth with the Dutch versions of the Self Perception Profile for children and adolescents | Combined physical activity: 61.4 ± 29.6 CG: 61.3 ± 28.6 | Combined physical activity: 73 ± 25.6 CG: 64.7 ± 33.1 | |
Wurz et al. 201943 | Canada | 32.3 ± 7.8 | 16 (85.7% female) Combined physical activity: 7 GC: 9 | Various malignancy disease types | After cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Combined physical activity: 29.1 ± 2.2 CG: 28.1 ± 5.5 | Combined physical activity: 29.5 29.5 ± 2.3 CG: 28.56 ± 5.8 | |
Quasi-Experimental studies [n = 2] | |||||||||
Carminatti et al. 201944 | Brazil | 54.5 ± 8.3 | 19 (100% female) Belly: 11 CG: 8 | Breast cancer | During cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Belly: 29 ± 1 CG: 32 ± 1 | Belly: 32 ± 2 CG: 32 ± 1 | |
Rosenberg et al. 201445 | USA | 30.6 | 199 (82.9% female) Outdoor adventure 1: 87 Outdoor adventure 2: 41 CG: 71 | Various malignancy disease types | After cancer treatment | Self-esteem with the Psychological Screening Inventory-2 | Outdoor adventure 1: 52.2 ± 10.3 Outdoor adventure 2: 52.3 ± 9.8 CG: 53.8 ± 11.2 | Outdoor adventure 1: 50.4 ± 8.9 Outdoor adventure 2: 51.9 ± 10.2 CG: 55 ± 10.2 | |
Uncontrolled trials [n = 12] | |||||||||
Barrio et al. 201246 | Spain | 49.1 ± 9.4 | 31 (100% female) | Breast cancer | Women affected by breast cancer | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Self-esteem 1: 1.8 ± 0.6 Self-esteem 2: 1.9 ± 0.8 | Self-esteem 1: 1.5 ± 0.6 Self-esteem 2: 1.5 ± 0.6 | |
Caru et al. 202047 | Canada | 12.1 ± 3.6 | 16 (50% female) N Total: 16 N Male:8 N Female: 8 | Various cancer types | During cancer treatment | Self-esteem with the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP) | Total: 5.3 ± 0.5 Male: 5.1 ± 0.4 Female: 5.4 ± 0.5 | Total: 5.7 ± 0.5 Male: 5.8 ± 0.5 Female: 5.6 ± 0.5 | |
Caru et al. 202148 | Canada | 12.1 ± 3.6 | 16 (50% female) Boys: 8 Girls: 8 | Various malignancy disease types | During cancer treatment | Self-esteem with the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP) | Total: 5.8 ± 0.5 Boys: 5.6 ± 0.5 Girls: 5.9 ± 0.4 | Total: 5.3 ± 0.5 Boys: 5.1 ± 0.4 Girls: 5.4 ± 0.5 | |
Courneya et al. 201449 | Canada | ˃ 18 years old | 301 (100% female) Standard aerobic exercise: 96 High standard dose: 101 Combined physical activity: 104 | Breast cancer | During cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Standard aerobic exercise: 33.5 ± 4.3 High standard dose: 34.3 ± 5.2 Combined physical activity: 34.0 ± 5.2 | Standard aerobic exercise: 34.8 ± 2.8 High standard dose: 34.5 ± 2.8 Combined physical activity: 33.9 ± 2.8 | |
Ho, Rainbow et al. 200550 | Hong Kong | 50.2 ± 7.1 | Dance: 22 | Various cancer types | During cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Dance: 16.7 ± 3.3 | Dance: 18.2 ± 3.6 | |
Morielli et al. 201651 | Canada | 57.5 | 18 (33.3% female) Total: 18 | Rectal cancer | During cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Total During NACRT6: 4.9 ± 1 | Total Post-NACRT/pre-surgery: 4.8 ± 1 | |
Muller et al. 201652 | Germany | 10.7 ± 4.3 | 150 (49% female) Total: 150 N Leukemia/ lymphoma = 86 N Brain tumor = 38 N Sarcoma = 26 | Various cancer types | After cancer treatment | Self-esteem with the KINDL questionnaire | Total: 67 ± 17.7 | Total: 69 ± 17.1 | |
Osypiuk et al. 202053 | USA | 54 ± 10.2 | 21 (100% female) Qigong: 21 | Breast cancer | After cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Qigong :21.7 ± 6.1 | Qigong: 23.7 ± 5.5 | |
Rey-Barth et al. 202254 | France | 52 (Range 46–55) | 14 (100% female) Aerobic physical activity: 14 | Breast cancer | After cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Aerobic physical activity: 30.4 ± 6.6 | Aerobic physical activity: 32.6 ± 5.5 | |
Speed-Andrews et al. 201055 | Canada | 54.8 ± 5.3 | 17 (100% female) Yoga: 17 | Breast cancer | After cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Yoga: 31.5 ± 5.7 | Yoga: 33.8 ± 5.6 | |
Török et al. 200656 | Hungary | 15.6 ± 1.5 | 52 (57.7% female) Therapeutic recreation camping: 44 | Various malignancy disease types | During cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Therapeutic recreation camping: 27.2 ± 3.6 | Therapeutic recreation camping: 28.3 ± 4.1 | |
Vallet et al. 201557 | France | 14.3 ± 2.9 | 11 (36.4% female) Combined physical activity: 11 | Various cancer types | During cancer treatment | Self-esteem with the physical self-inventory (PSI-6) | Combined physical activity: 6.2 ± 2.1 | Combined physical activity: 7.7 ± 1.8 | |
Observational studies [n = 5] | |||||||||
Awick et al. 201758 | USA | 56.2 ± 9.3 | 370 (100% female) Total: 370 | Breast cancer | After cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Total: 40.5 ± 6 | Total: 40.5 ± 5.6 | |
Belanger et al. 201359 | Canada | 38.2 ± 5.6 | 588 (43.7% female) No sport participation: 397 Sport participation: 191 | Young adult cancer | After cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | No sport participation: 31.7 ± 5.8 Sport participation: 34.4 ± 4.8 | N/A | |
Deisenroth et al. 201660 | Germany | 11.4 ± 4.1 | 40 (57.5% female) Total: 40 | Various cancer types | During cancer treatment | Self-esteem with the KINDL questionnaire | Total: 52.4 ± 20.9 | N/A | |
Patsou et al. 201861 | Greece | 51.7 ± 7.3 | 171 (100% male) Low fitness: 89 CG: 82 | Breast cancer | After cancer treatment | Self-esteem with the Greek version of the Self-Esteem Scale | IG: 41.61 ± 3.30 CG: 32.67 ± 6.07 | N/A | |
Ranft et al. 201762 | Germany | 30 (Range 9–69) | 909 (44.4% female) Survivors: 613 CG: 296 | Ewing Sarcoma | After cancer treatment | The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Survivors: 23.2 CG: 24 | N/A | |
