Table 1 The data driven methods for ground settlement prediction in the previous studies.

From: Ground settlement prediction for highway subgrades with sparse data using regression Kriging

References

Dataset type

Techniques

Al-Shamrani (2005)30

Organic—rich soil settlement

Hyperbolic method

Suwansawat and Einstein (2006)31

Tunneling— induced ground settlement

Neural network model

Fan et al. (2013)32

Tunneling—induced ground settlement

Wavelet smooth relevance vector machine

Kanayama et al. (2014)10

Soil settlement

Neural network model

Park et al. (2015)27

Thick soft clay settlement

Genetic algorithm

Moghaddasi and Noorian-Bidgoli (2018)33

Tunneling—induced ground settlement

Multiple regression methods

Tao et al. (2020)11

Soil settlement

Ensemble Kalman filtering method

Chen et al. (2021)34

Dam settlement

Clustering - based ensemble learning method

Wan and Doherty (2022)29

Embankment settlement

Data-driven multi-stage method

Tian and Wang (2023)28

Soil settlement

Physics-informed Bayesian learning method

Zhou et al. (2023)15

Tunneling—induced ground settlement

XGBoost algorithm