Table 4 Physicochemical water quality parameters in control, PAA, and H₂O₂ groups before and after application (mean ± SE).

PH

7.68 ± 0.05^a

7.35 ± 0.04^b

7.48 ± 0.04^b

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/L)

7.90 ± 0.03^c

9.31 ± 0.11^a

8.74 ± 0.06^b

Ammonia (NH₄) (mg L⁻¹)

0.11 ± 0.01

0.12 ± 0.00

0.12 ± 0.01

Nitrite (NO₂)(mg L⁻¹)

0.19 ± 0.05^a

0.15 ± 0.03^c

0.17 ± 0.03^b

Nitrate (NO₃) (mg L⁻¹)

1.49 ± 0.02 ^a

1.38 ± 0.10^b

1.37 ± 0.09^b

Total hardness

693 ± 3.51^b

709 ± 4.93^ab

715 ± 2.98^a

Conductivity (MS/cm)

43 ± 1.6^b

54 ± 1.45^a

55.3 ± 2.02^a