Fig. 3

Autofluorescence spectroscopy of penguin brain at excitation wavelength 405 nm (a) 405 nm source excitation spectra. (b) AF emission spectrum of a total of 11 positions of the penguin brain with intensity variation. (c) AF spectra of the average of (b) with the standard deviation. The highlighted, green-shaded region in the spectra consistently manifests a peak around ~ 510 nm, corresponding to NADH and FAD crosslinks. The highlighted, red-shaded region within the spectra depicts peak maxima approximately at ~ 656 nm, indicative of porphyrins. The highlighted, yellow-shaded region in a range of 550 nm to 600 nm is an indicator of lipofuscins.