Table 2 Changes in metabolic and anthropometric parameters after one year among T2D participants in the DT Intervention*†.

From: One-year outcomes of a digital twin intervention for type 2 diabetes: a retrospective real-world study

Outcome Measures

Baseline

One Year

Change

P-Value$

Weight, kg

76.9(14.1)

72.1(13.4)

-4.8(5.7)

< 0.001

BMI, kg/m2

27(4.6)

25.3(4.3)

-1.7(2)

< 0.001

HbA1c, %

8.1(1.7)

6.3(0.5)

-1.8(1.7)

< 0.001

Number of T2D medications

1.9(1.4)

0.5(0.7)

-1.5(1.3)

< 0.001

FPG, mg/dl

151.8(61.8)

119.4(25)

-32.4(60.8)

< 0.001

HOMA2-IR

2(1.2)

1.9(0.9)

-0.1(1.2)

< 0.001

HOMA2-B

68.3(44.3)

89.9(41.9)

21.6(47.7)

< 0.001

TIR, %

69.7(30.7)

86.9(24.5)

17.2(38.2)

< 0.001

TAR-1, %

15.4(19.6)

3(8.3)

-12.5(20.6)

< 0.001

TAR-2, %

7.9(19.9)

0.3(3.4)

-7.6(20)

< 0.001

TBR-1, %

4.3(9.3)

5.5(14.2)

1.3(16.6)

0.001

TBR-2, %

2.7(9.9)

4.3(16)

1.6(18.7)

< 0.001

  1. * Data are mean (SD). $paired t-test.
  2. † Figures in bold are significant with p-value < 0.05. Abbreviations: BMI – body mass index (kg/m2); FPG - fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c – hemoglobin A1c; HOMA2-B - homeostatic model assessment 2 of beta cell function; HOMA2-IR – homeostatic model assessment 2 of insulin resistance; TAR-1 - time above range level 1 (interstitial glucose 181–250 mg/dl); TAR-2 - time above range level 2 (interstitial glucose > 250 mg/dl); TBR-1 - time below range level 1 (interstitial glucose 54–69 mg/dl); TBR-2 - time below range level 2 (interstitial glucose < 54 mg/dl); TIR - time in range (interstitial glucose 70–180 mg/dl); kg – kilogram; T2D – type 2 diabetes; DT – digital twin.
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